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Infants must balance interacting with a caregiver and navigating the environment, driven by their curiosity and attachment. This decision involves trading off proximity seeking with the caregiver and novelty seeking in the surroundings. Our hypothesis is that different attachment styles may arise as adaptive reward-seeking strategies based on different frequencies and scales of rewards from both caregiver and environment, including negative rewards due to distressing encounters. We implement a computational model using a reinforcement learning framework to model infants’ attachment and exploratory behaviors as a bandit problem. We study how infants’ exploratory behaviors emerge as they learn from their caregiver and how these learned behaviors transfer to a new caregiver. Our work expands upon existing computational models of attachment and models how social factors can influence curiosity-seeking as infants learn to explore versus exploit.

CogSci 2023

Reinforcement learning models of tradeoffs between infant attachment and curiosity

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The 45th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society will take place in Sydney, Australia as a modified hybrid conference. Presentations from the main-session room will be live-streamed every day for all events. This will include all invited talks and award sessions. Recordings of all CogSci 2023 sessions will be made available for on-demand viewing after the conference.<br>
The in-person component will be held at the International Convention Centre Sydney at Darling Harbour. The Conference will take place Wednesday July 26th – Saturday July 29th, 2023 (Wednesday, July 26th is the Workshops Day).

Join us!

<br>[**The Program at a Glance can be found here**](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/COgSci-PAAG-V2.pdf)
<br>[**The Detailed Program can be found here**](https://online.fliphtml5.com/ebtyf/mswz/)
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#### **CogSci 2023 Program Book**
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The 45th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

Categorical biases in working memory (WM) can impact our recollection of visual stimuli. These are often biased towards or away from category prototypes. Color naming data can be used to predict biases in behavioral and neural data, suggesting sensory WM is affected by the use of verbal labels.

We investigated a possible link between categorical biases and verbal labels for orientation and spatial WM. Forty subjects performed standard orientation and spatial WM tasks, and were later prompted to freely label the stimuli. 

Accuracy is significantly higher when recalling cardinal locations and orientations compared to non-cardinal ones. This contrast is also evidenced by subject-unique neural activity patterns. The behavioral error pattern resembled verbal labeling strategies: Terms for cardinal stimuli were used sparsely and precisely (e.g. vertical, horizontal) while terms describing non-cardinal stimuli were used liberally (e.g. diagonal). Cardinal biases in WM stimuli might result from the use of categorical, verbal representations.

Does visual working memory rely on categorical and verbal neural representations?

High-quality parent language may support preschoolers’ language development by shaping underlying neurodevelopment. Indeed, more interactive language relates to higher frontal brain activity (Romeo et al., 2018). However, it remains to be explored whether other features of parent language may also be related to brain activity. This study examined whether parental linguistic sophistication is related to children’s spontaneous high-frequency neural activity, as indexed by EEG gamma power. Transcripts of parent-child dyads (N=36, children M=4.1 years old) completing a puzzle task were analyzed for mean length of utterance (measure of grammatical complexity) and number of different words (measure of vocabulary sophistication). We found that higher parental mean length of utterance was related to higher regional EEG gamma power (F(2.61,80.78)=2.92, p=.046), suggesting that more grammatically complex parent language is linked with higher child neural maturity. Future studies should explore the directionality of this finding and further measures of parent language quality.

Sophisticated parent language is linked to high-frequency neural activity in preschoolers

Spatial navigation is supported by the combined activity of brain regions in the human navigation network (HNN) that integrates environmental information across complementary egocentric and allocentric reference frames. Despite humans mainly relying on vision to navigate space, the impact of early visual deprivation on the HNN is mostly unknown. In our experiment sighted and early blind participants were tested in two tasks of imagined navigation while undergoing fMRI. Results show, on the one hand, that both sighted and blind activated regions of the HNN during navigation, with no differences between groups. On the other hand, quadrature filter analysis in the entorhinal cortex, a crucial region for the creation of cognitive maps, revealed an alteration of grid-like coding in early blind individuals, which might be correlated to the adoption of egocentric-like strategies to navigate in space.

Altered grid-like coding in early blind people during imagined navigation

World-wide, millions experience mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) annually, which may lead to persistent neurobehavioral symptoms (NBS). Post-mTBI speed of processing studies have shown mixed results, but few have examined NBS. A novel ERP task examined the relationship between NBS, mTBI, and target detection performance. P300 latency and amplitude, response time (RTs) and accuracy were measured from community-dwelling adults with (+mTBI n=18; Female 12) and without mTBI (-mTBI n=21; Female 11). The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) measured self-reported NBS. We expected +mTBI to show increased P300 latencies and RTs. No differences were observed between +mTBI and -mTBI on RTs, P300 amplitude or latency. However, increased symptomatology, regardless of mTBI status, predicted slower target RTs, R2 = 0.125, F (1, 37) = 5.296, p = 0.027, β = 0.354. Our findings suggest that researchers and clinicians should consider NBS when assessing processing speed complications in mTBI.

Neurobehavioral symptomatology predicts response times during target detection but not the P300: a multi-method study of mild traumatic brain injury

ASD children are characterised by their refusal to change and difficulty in changing their responses to different social situations, which make it difficult for them to communicate with others, including their parents. We applied the comprehensive care technique Humanitude™ to mothers of children with ASD to support them from a multimodal communication perspective.
Changes in mother-child communication were analysed in terms of mother-child gaze and the time the mother and child spent playing together. The results indicate that after the Humanitude™ intervention, there were significant differences in eye contact, mothers looking at their children, and children looking at their mothers. There was also a significant decrease in time children spent playing alone. There was a high correlation between pre and post-Humanitude™ intervention in the amount of time both mothers and children spent looking at each other, which suggests that incorporating multimodal communication can affect communication between parents and children.

Behavioural changes in the interaction between child with autism spectrum disorder and mother through the Comprehensive Care Humanitude™ intervention

While communication is an essential part of life, it is not always easy and effortless. This is especially true when talking with someone in a noisy environment. Although communicating in noise is often the rule rather than the exception, very little research has investigated the behavioral processes individuals might use to minimize miscommunication when listening becomes challenged. Here we explored synergistic speech and movement processes that 22 pairs of young, normal hearing adults used to hear and be heard when (mis)communicating in noise. The results revealed intricate dynamics both with respect to acoustic optimization of the speech produced and heard, as well as how individuals modulate interpersonal distance and behavioral coordination patterns.

Behavioral dynamics of conversation and (mis)communication in noisy environments

We investigated how verbal communication with a robot differs from talking to a human in terms of brain activity by analysing an open-source fMRI dataset. We focused on modeling conversational dynamics rather than conversation as a whole, by analysing fine-grained events, in particular turn initiation. The results indicate that turn initiation in a conversation with a human involves higher activation in auditory and visual cortex than turn initiation with a robot. Conversely, listening to the robot showed higher engagement of auditory cortex than listening to a human. We suggest that verbal and non-verbal turn-taking cues provided by the human agent engage more cognitive processing for picking up the turn. On the other hand, listening to a robot agent requires more processing than listening to a human. Both findings suggest that the accurate simulation of appropriate turn-taking cues and behaviors will help robots to establish more natural conversation dynamics and that the use of brain imaging can provide valuable objective measurements for assessing user states in human-robot interaction.

Investigating Conversational Dynamics in Human-Robot Interaction with fMRI

It has been argued that patterns of cross-linguistic variation in the semantic categories labelled by individual words are a result of a trade-off between cognitive pressures (so as to be simple to learn and use) and communicative pressures (so as to be efficient in communication). However, the question of what exact mechanisms control this trade-off has been left largely unanswered. We argue that one factor could be the extent to which referential contexts at the level of local interactions are similar or different across users of a category system. To test this hypothesis we propose a hierarchical Bayesian model for communication in a multidimensional meaning space, in which agents actively consider spatial similarity relations during interaction. Our models predict that less variability in contexts across interactions induces categories with lower communicative cost, while more variable contexts across partners are more strongly associated with category systems with lower cognitive cost.

Degree of heterogeneity in the contexts of language users mediates the cognitive-communicative trade-off in semantic categorization

Category learning is a core competence for minimizing cognitive load and optimizing decision-making. An identical problem can be solved by employing a rule-based or a similarity-based strategy. This research examined whether the use of the two strategies was supported by common or distinct neural substrates. We conducted a category learning experiment with rule-plus-similarity stimuli using EEG-fNIRS fusion methodology. Participants learned two artificial categories using either a rule- or similarity-based strategy. The results showed a common visual-perceptual-analysis process and distinct decision-making processes between the uses of the two strategies. Larger P300 and N400 amplitudes and Wernicke's area activation indicated that hypotheses testing and verbal rule abstraction processes were critical for rule-based categorization. In contrast, increased frontopolar cortex activity indicated that integration of multiple dimensions was critical for similarity-based categorization. These results were consistent with COVIS theory, implying an explicit system in rule-based category learning whereas an implicit system in similarity-based learning.

Common and distinct neural bases for rule- and similarity-based category learning

When making category decisions, humans sample features following their dynamic informativeness. Attention optimization models successfully predict these categorization behaviors, but optimization is not the only solution. Alternatively, categorization can be viewed as a Reinforcement Learning (RL) task in which learners sample information based on its expected utility. However, RL models of information sampling have high computational load, even though human learners solve this problem on the millisecond timescale. Therefore, we propose ATHENA-RSS, a model that implements reward-based information search in a more computationally efficient way, via the rapid sequential storage of memories and recurrent retrieval. To test the model, we conducted an experiment where participants (N = 99) learned hierarchically structured categories by uncovering stimulus features. We then conducted a simulation study, where ATHENA-RSS successfully reproduced all search patterns exhibited by participants. We conclude that rapid sequential storage and recurrent memory retrieval were sufficient to achieve human-like information sampling in this task.

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Reinforcement learning models of tradeoffs between infant attachment and curiosity

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