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Computer simulations have been used to support student learning in physics to boost conceptual understanding and make labs more widely accessible. To better understand their impact on student learning outcomes, the use of HTML5-based computer simulations for topics in mechanics were investigated in a large, algebra-based, studio physics course for life science students at a private, research-intensive institution. For the past three years, we have used an A/B testing methodology to compare learning outcomes associated with a lab activity on simple harmonic motion. Different groups in this study included students using traditional hands-on equipment only, a simulation only, or, a hybrid combination of both. We will present our findings of this study in the context of previous work and discuss the larger implications of the use of simulations in physics education.

AAPT SM 20

Learning Outcomes in Physics Labs Aided by Simulations

student learning outcomes

labs

simulations

The 2020 AAPT Virtual Summer Meeting brought together physics educators from around the globe to learn about the latest in physics theory, research methodology and education from leaders in their field. The program featured plenary speakers, sessions, workshops and many special activities.

For more information please visit the 2020 AAPT Virtual Summer Meeting page at: https://www.aapt.org/Conferences/SM2020/index.cfm.


The 2020 AAPT Virtual Summer Meeting brought together physics educators from around the globe to learn about the latest in physics theory, research methodology and education from leaders in their field. 

technical paper

Computer simulations for physics labs may be combined with hands-on lab equipment to boost student understanding and make labs more accessible. Hybrid labs of HTML5-based computer simulations and hands-on lab equipment for topics in mechanics were investigated in a large, algebra-based, studio physics course for life science students at a private, research-intensive institution. Computer simulations were combined with hands-on equipment and compared to traditional hands-on labs alone using an A/B testing protocol. Learning outcomes were measured for the specific topic of momentum conservation by comparing student scores on post-lab exercises, related quiz and exam questions, and a subset of questions on the Energy and Momentum Conceptual Survey (EMCS) administered before and after instruction for both groups. We will present our findings of this study in the context of previous work and discuss the larger implications of the use of simulations in physics education.

Student learning outcomes with hybrid computer simulations and hands-on labs

“Essential Skills” is an online skills practice application assigned weekly to students to improve their fluency in the basic STEM skills necessary for solving more complex physics problems. We have investigated the temporal patterns of over 1500 algebra and calculus physics students practicing multiple topics, several times each, throughout the semester. We report an observed increase in student accuracy and a decrease in response time per question for the vast majority of the topics. We will characterize the progression of student response times and accuracies as they revisit the topics though out the semester, including observations of patterns relating the accuracy and time evolution data to student grades in the course. Additionally, we will comment on the comparisons between the two groups of students (algebra vs calculus physics students) in terms of their accuracies and response time throughout the practice.

Temporal Patterns of Students Using Online STEM Skills Practice Assignments

An important component to fostering computational thinking in the physics classroom involves helping students understand how to use programming code to represent physical models and physical principles—a process that requires one to interrelate knowledge of physics, mathematics, and programming code. In this talk, I will discuss Conceptual Blending as a framework for modeling how we read physical and mathematical meaning into the structural features of programming code and how features of the programming representation can influence student reasoning, both productively and counter-productively. Understanding these detailed considerations as well as avenues for failures in reasoning that novices might encounter can inform the development of instructional interventions, both in-the-moment and pre-designed.

Conceptual Blending: A model for how we interpret computational models

The NGSS presents teachers and researchers with an opportunity to rethink both the model of energy that is taught and the way that energy is taught in K12 classrooms, as evidenced by the inclusion of energy as both a CCC and a DCI and by the emphasis placed on model building and argumentation in the science practices. We have also taken this as an opportunity to re-envision our energy teaching in our university courses. As a result, we've designed courses that allow students to construct a model of energy from real-world scenarios. This process stresses the use of multiple representations to facilitate student thinking including: energy theater, energy cubes, and energy diagrams. In some of our courses students are encouraged to develop their own energy diagrams. This talk will present a framework for a scenario-based energy unit and suggest strategies for supporting students in developing their own energy diagrams.

Using the NGSS model of energy in university courses

Computer simulations for intermediate and advanced undergraduate courses provide students with tools that aid in visualizing difficult concepts. A suite of ten simulations has been developed for use in a sophomore/junior level course on vibrations and waves. This includes topics such as driven, damped oscillations; nonlinear oscillations of a pendulum; coupled oscillators; sound waves; and interference and diffraction. A feature of these simulations is the display of quantitative information about the phenomena in the simulation. For example, users can set the frequency and pressure amplitude of a plane sound wave, but the simulation also displays the particle velocity and displacement amplitudes and an animated graph of pressure, displacement and particle velocity of the wave. These simulations have been part of homework and discussion assignments in the related course.

Simulation Suite for Intermediate Undergraduate Course on Vibrations and Waves

One of the goals of physics instruction is to help students develop reasoning skills in the context of physics. As conceptual understanding is required to reason productively, it is challenging to design an assessment tool that solely focuses on student reasoning. To address this challenge, we have been developing sequences of screening-target questions: screening questions probe conceptual understanding, while target questions require students to apply this understanding in situations that present reasoning challenges. The level of consistency between responses to screening and target questions is used to make inferences about students’ reasoning skills. We will discuss pre- and post-test performance on these sequences of screening-target questions from algebra and calculus-based physics courses and the inferences that can be drawn about students’ development of reasoning skills in the context of physics. Preliminary results indicate the instrument can measure changes in student reasoning skills and detect differences in students with different backgrounds.

Development of an instrument designed to measure student reasoning

Student assistants (SA), including graduate and undergraduate teaching/learning assistants, are pivotal to non-traditional physics instruction in large classrooms. Despite the importance and necessity of SAs, little is known about SAs' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and its impact on students’ learning. We are particularly interested in SA’s PCK of questioning (PCK-Q) skills as that may be key to effective SA-student interaction. Our goal is to design and validate a written instrument to measure PCK-Q. Based on video analysis of SA-student interactions in an inquiry-based, introductory physics class, we are developing and validating open-ended questions for this instrument. The questions are tested on SAs, and their answers, in conjunction with analysis of their PCK-Q from video data, are used for question revision and instrument redesign. Once developed, we will use the instrument to study the impact of SAs’ PCK-Q on college students’ conceptual understanding of physics and critical thinking skills.

Development of an Instrument to Measure Student Assistants’ PCK-Q

Physics can be considered a 21st century liberal arts degree where students learn valuable technical and transferable skills they can apply to a range of careers. As part of the APS PIPELINE Network, we examined fields and sectors physics majors were interested in pursuing, their dream job, and what influenced their career goals. Responses from 178 physics majors at 12 institutions were analyzed using descriptive quantitative approaches for multiple-select questions and emergent thematic qualitative approaches for open-ended questions. Initial findings highlight a diverse range of careers students hoped to pursue, yet these tended to center around research even when students were open to both industry and academic sectors. Furthermore, many students indicated desires for careers that would help the world and provide a supportive working environment. Understanding physics majors’ desired careers and perceptions of what is possible has implications for how we prepare them for their next steps after graduating.

Dream Jobs and Desired Career Paths of Physics Majors

Blowing up watermelons and pumpkins with rubber bands is a popular K-12 demonstration of the conversion of spring potential energy into kinetic energy. Although there are informal investigations into this demo, no systematic studies in peer-reviewed journals exist. We examine a large data set (>800 busted pumpkins) collected by Jon Orr, a Canadian math teacher who authored a Desmos activity on learning scatter plots using this fun demo. We also conduct our own independent experiments, to verify some surprising relationships in this exciting demo. We share our findings and lesson plans that can be used either in the classroom or in K-12 outreach events.

Smashing Pumpkins

In this study, we investigated the impact of practicing with questioning strategies in a mixed-reality classroom simulator on GTA use of questioning both in the simulator and in their actual classroom. During the simulator training, GTAs were in a physical classroom interacting with five avatar-students on a computer monitor. Throughout the fall 2019 semester, GTAs participated in four practice sessions, which were video-recorded. GTAs were tasked with practicing specific teaching skills, and one of the sessions focused on questioning strategies. In each session, GTAs were given two 7-minute opportunities; feedback and reflection time were provided after each 7-minute practice. In addition, GTAs were observed three to four times throughout the semester in their actual classroom. Here, we report frequencies and discuss examples of questioning strategies implemented by GTAs in the simulator and in their classroom. The results suggest that the simulator training supports GTAs’ implementation of questioning strategies.

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Learning Outcomes in Physics Labs Aided by Simulations

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