United States

&quot;In this poster presentation, we aim to 1) highlight the need for neurodiverse professionals in speech-language pathology, 2) describe barriers for neurodiverse undergraduate and graduate students, and 3) examine existing practices and/or programs at undergraduate institutions across the United States that have specific aims to recruit and support neurodiverse students. We aim to identify institutional best practices for supporting these students and consider how the initiatives may be specifically applied within undergraduate and graduate communication sciences and disorders programs. The authors of this presentation include neurodiverse undergraduate and graduate students and their allies. We note that our university, like most, does not currently have a specific program for self-identifying neurodiverse students or a neurodiverse affinity group within our Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion. Knowledge gained through this project could support faculty members and administrators in higher education across institutions.     

The field of speech-language pathology benefits from having a diverse workforce. Clinicians who understand and have experienced variety within culture, dialect, and communication style are beneficial collaborators with clients, students, patients, and their families. ASHA strives to increase diversity within the workforce of speech-language pathologists (ASHA, n.d.), and it is important to recognize neurodiversity, and disability broadly, as an element within diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) (Donaldson, 2021). 

Professional representation of neurodiverse individuals is important. ASHA does not survey its membership related to disability or neurodiversity status; however according to a recent survey in several midwestern states, few therapists identify (via self-disclosure) as autistic: less than 3% (Freeman Barnett, 2022). Despite this, our patients, clients, and students benefit immensely from the perspectives of neurodiverse individuals, and we need to rely on input from the autistic community and autistic providers to guide our clinical services and research practices (e.g., Dorsey et al. (2020)). 

Drawing neurodiverse individuals to the field is a possible strategy; however, it is not sufficient.  The professional pathway for a career in communication sciences and disorders is rigorous and requires students to successfully complete undergraduate work, be accepted into graduate school, and succeed in graduate studies. With regard to graduate school admittance, several recent papers have described the benefits of holistic admission practices within speech-language pathology graduate programs to increase the diversity of our students (e.g., Mandulak, 2022; Guiberson &amp; Vigil, 2021; and Wong et al., 2021). These practices value lived experiences and attempt to balance these experiences with academic metrics and other personal attributes. Application of these principles may also help support admissions for neurodiverse individuals.  

Several institutions across the United States have recently developed some dedicated systems of support (e.g., Stanford Neurodiversity Project), campus-wide education (e.g., The Neurodiversity Initiative at William &amp; Mary), and career-specific partnerships with STEM-related organizations (e.g., NASA’s Neurodiversity Network at Sonoma State). We will conduct a comprehensive review of existing programs and describe specific actions schools have taken to meet student needs and examining career related advantages to neurodiversity (Ortiz, 2020). We aim to identify institutional best practices for supporting neurodiverse students at the undergraduate and graduate level and consider how these broadly applied practices may support those students interested in a speech-language pathology career. 

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.(n.d.).Diversity and inclusion at ASHA. Retrieved March 29, from https://www.asha.org/About/Diversity-and-Inclusion-at-ASHA/

Donaldson, A. L. (2021). Disability in speech and hearing sciences: Reflections on representation. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 6(3), 513-519.

Dorsey, R., Crow, H., &amp; Gaddy, C. (2020). From My Perspective/Opinion: Putting Autistic Voices at the Forefront of Care. Leader Live.

Freeman Barnett, Rebecca, &quot;&quot;Speech-language pathologists on the autism spectrum&quot;&quot; (2022). Master&#39;s Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. 1127. https://commons.emich.edu/theses/1127

Guiberson, M., &amp; Vigil, D. (2021). Speech-language pathology graduate admissions: Implications to diversify the workforce. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 42(3), 145-155.

Lizotte, M. (2018). I am a college graduate: Postsecondary experiences as described by adults with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Education and Practice, 6(4), 179–191. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61.2018.64.179.191 

Mandulak, K. C. (2022). The case for holistic review in communication sciences and disorders admissions. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 7(2), 476-481.

Ortiz, L. A. (2020). Reframing neurodiversity as competitive advantage: Opportunities, challenges, and resources for business and professional communication educators. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 83(3), 261-284.

Wong, A. A., Marrone, N. L., Fabiano-Smith, L., Beeson, P. M., Franco, M. A., Subbian, V., &amp; 
Lozano, G. I. (2021). Engaging faculty in shifting toward holistic review: Changing graduate admissions procedures at a land-grant, Hispanic-serving institution. American journal of speech-language pathology, 30(5), 1925-1939.

If oral presentation, we would use the following Time-Ordered Agenda: 
5 minutes—Introductions and Disclosures
15 minutes—Overview and Background
25 minutes—Case Studies for 3-4 University Programs
10 minutes—Summary and Best Practice Ideas, Consideration of barriers
I5 minutes—Conclusion and Wrap-Up

OSHA 2023

Neurodiverse Representation: How Higher Education Programs Can Support Diverse Students DEI Topic

### Welcome to the 2025 Understanding Interventions Annual Conference

This year’s event promises to be an enlightening experience, filled with opportunities for sharing, networking, engagement, and inspiration.

Our mission? To foster an inclusive environment where the science communities can come together to discuss, collaborate, and strategize on how to broaden participation in science careers. Whether you’re an educator, researcher, policymaker, or passionate advocate, this conference is designed to provide valuable insights and practical solutions.

Get ready for:
* **Cutting-edge Research:** Explore the latest trends and findings in interventions aimed at enhancing diversity and inclusion in science fields.
* **Networking Opportunities:** Connect with like-minded professionals, forge new partnerships, and exchange ideas that can drive meaningful change.
* **Inspiring Keynote & Speakers:** Gain insights from renowned speakers who are leading the charge in promoting diversity and equity in science.
* **Global Perspectives:** Engage with experts from around the world to gain diverse perspectives and approaches to addressing common challenges.
* **Professional Development:** Enhance your skills and knowledge through workshops, panel discussions, and interactive sessions tailored to your professional growth.
* **Seed Funding Opportunities:** Learn about funding opportunities and resources available to support initiatives aimed at increasing diversity in STEM.

To access this event page, you need to log in with the **email address you registered with**. <br>Access credentials were sent to your email from Underline -  subject line "Welcome to 2025 Understanding Interventions Annual Conference". Please be sure to check your spam email folder if you do not see an email confirmation right away.

Thank you for visiting Understanding Interventions 2025 Annual Conference event page.<br><br> In order to gain full access, please register [**here**](https://understandinginterventions.swoogo.com/ui2024/begin).

Please register!

2025 Understanding Interventions Annual Conference

Don’t miss out on this invaluable opportunity to be part of a movement towards a more inclusive and equitable future in science. This year’s event promises to be an enlightening experience, filled with opportunities for sharing, networking, engagement, and inspiration.
Mark your calendars, spread the word, and join us for the 2025 Understanding Interventions Annual Conference on February 7-8th.

"In this poster presentation, we aim to 1) highlight the need for neurodiverse professionals in speech-language pathology, 2) describe barriers for neurodiverse undergraduate and graduate students, and 3) examine existing practices and/or programs at undergraduate institutions across the United States that have specific aims to recruit and support neurodiverse students. We aim to identify institutional best practices for supporting these students and consider how the initiatives may be specifically applied within undergraduate and graduate communication sciences and disorders programs. The authors of this presentation include neurodiverse undergraduate and graduate students and their allies. We note that our university, like most, does not currently have a specific program for self-identifying neurodiverse students or a neurodiverse affinity group within our Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion. Knowledge gained through this project could support faculty members and administrators in higher education across institutions.     

The field of speech-language pathology benefits from having a diverse workforce. Clinicians who understand and have experienced variety within culture, dialect, and communication style are beneficial collaborators with clients, students, patients, and their families. ASHA strives to increase diversity within the workforce of speech-language pathologists (ASHA, n.d.), and it is important to recognize neurodiversity, and disability broadly, as an element within diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) (Donaldson, 2021). 

Professional representation of neurodiverse individuals is important. ASHA does not survey its membership related to disability or neurodiversity status; however according to a recent survey in several midwestern states, few therapists identify (via self-disclosure) as autistic: less than 3% (Freeman Barnett, 2022). Despite this, our patients, clients, and students benefit immensely from the perspectives of neurodiverse individuals, and we need to rely on input from the autistic community and autistic providers to guide our clinical services and research practices (e.g., Dorsey et al. (2020)). 

Drawing neurodiverse individuals to the field is a possible strategy; however, it is not sufficient.  The professional pathway for a career in communication sciences and disorders is rigorous and requires students to successfully complete undergraduate work, be accepted into graduate school, and succeed in graduate studies. With regard to graduate school admittance, several recent papers have described the benefits of holistic admission practices within speech-language pathology graduate programs to increase the diversity of our students (e.g., Mandulak, 2022; Guiberson & Vigil, 2021; and Wong et al., 2021). These practices value lived experiences and attempt to balance these experiences with academic metrics and other personal attributes. Application of these principles may also help support admissions for neurodiverse individuals.  

Several institutions across the United States have recently developed some dedicated systems of support (e.g., Stanford Neurodiversity Project), campus-wide education (e.g., The Neurodiversity Initiative at William & Mary), and career-specific partnerships with STEM-related organizations (e.g., NASA’s Neurodiversity Network at Sonoma State). We will conduct a comprehensive review of existing programs and describe specific actions schools have taken to meet student needs and examining career related advantages to neurodiversity (Ortiz, 2020). We aim to identify institutional best practices for supporting neurodiverse students at the undergraduate and graduate level and consider how these broadly applied practices may support those students interested in a speech-language pathology career. 

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.(n.d.).Diversity and inclusion at ASHA. Retrieved March 29, from https://www.asha.org/About/Diversity-and-Inclusion-at-ASHA/

Donaldson, A. L. (2021). Disability in speech and hearing sciences: Reflections on representation. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 6(3), 513-519.

Dorsey, R., Crow, H., & Gaddy, C. (2020). From My Perspective/Opinion: Putting Autistic Voices at the Forefront of Care. Leader Live.

Freeman Barnett, Rebecca, ""Speech-language pathologists on the autism spectrum"" (2022). Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. 1127. https://commons.emich.edu/theses/1127

Guiberson, M., & Vigil, D. (2021). Speech-language pathology graduate admissions: Implications to diversify the workforce. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 42(3), 145-155.

Lizotte, M. (2018). I am a college graduate: Postsecondary experiences as described by adults with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Education and Practice, 6(4), 179–191. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61.2018.64.179.191 

Mandulak, K. C. (2022). The case for holistic review in communication sciences and disorders admissions. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 7(2), 476-481.

Ortiz, L. A. (2020). Reframing neurodiversity as competitive advantage: Opportunities, challenges, and resources for business and professional communication educators. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 83(3), 261-284.

Wong, A. A., Marrone, N. L., Fabiano-Smith, L., Beeson, P. M., Franco, M. A., Subbian, V., & 
Lozano, G. I. (2021). Engaging faculty in shifting toward holistic review: Changing graduate admissions procedures at a land-grant, Hispanic-serving institution. American journal of speech-language pathology, 30(5), 1925-1939.

If oral presentation, we would use the following Time-Ordered Agenda: 
5 minutes—Introductions and Disclosures
15 minutes—Overview and Background
25 minutes—Case Studies for 3-4 University Programs
10 minutes—Summary and Best Practice Ideas, Consideration of barriers
I5 minutes—Conclusion and Wrap-Up

poster

The Oregon Speech-Language and Hearing Association (OSHA) is excited to present 2023 Fall Conference theme “Community in Action”. In addition to professional development content at the conference, we look forward to recognizing and celebrating the research, clinical work, and advocacy of our colleagues through our OSHA honors and awards.
![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/92e74f01eb24c636be05cffbeb8a6fd5.png?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAZP4XRUPAQFEPSF6P%2F20231005%2Feu-west-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20231005T092853Z&X-Amz-Expires=172800&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=46282c851bac71ec0759d4bc020befeafa87b9563672c42adee427c9a43129d5)

<br>
Join us from November 1st to 17th for a compelling virtual experience and continuing education opportunity to those involved in the Speech-Language & Hearing industry on the Underline platform!


#### [**OSHA 2023 On-Demand Offering**](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jwrAmTttlBTCTRgErURL06kXcmGhJco9/view?usp=sharing)


#### [**The Official Website of the OSHA**](https://www.oregonspeechandhearing.org/fall-conference)


To access the site please register [**here**](https://www.oregonspeechandhearing.org/event-5462300). 

Please register for the 2023 OSHA Fall Conference to join the event.

The Oregon Speech-Language and Hearing Association (OSHA) promises to be a forum of growth, learning, and meaningful exchange, encompassing a rich tapestry of topics that are shaping our field in profound ways. The conference agenda is designed to address a wide array of critical subjects, each reflecting the evolving landscape of speech-language pathology. From early language and literacy development to the provision of gender-affirming and culturally responsive care, we are diving deep into the issues that matter most to our profession and the individuals we serve.

Speech-language pathologists’ approaches to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) assessments

Writing Scripts to Address Sexual Health and Consent: Choose your own adventure!

Early Language and Literacy

Bilingual Aphasia Assessment and Treatment

Statement of Purpose: To instruct colleagues in a model of service delivery which utilizes interdisciplinary, neurodiverse team-teaching to decrease teacher burnout and increase positive outcomes for autistic high schoolers.
Summary: Widespread and pervasive barriers are currently keeping autistic and neurodivergent students from thriving in our public schools. For teachers and school-based speech pathologists currently serving autistic students there are methods that can be implemented immediately to have a measurable impact on the emotional and academic well-being of current students (Bottema-Beutel et al., 2020). These techniques can simultaneously create opportunities for educators to learn from each other and thus relieve the immense load of being a public school employee. Our primary purpose in presenting this information is to encourage attendees to consider adopting a co-teaching model with their special education colleagues, particularly between neurotypical and neurodivergent educators, specifically to support the well-being, confidence, and positive self-regard for their autistic students. The benefits of consistent, intentional relational support, the modeling of communication and collaboration, and the dual approaches of structured academic support and communication/self-advocacy interventions within a classroom setting provides a strong foundation for autistic students (Friend, et al.,2010). 
This presentation lays out a co-teaching model designed to support the development of positive self-image and self-advocacy skills within a neurodiversity-affirming space. The partnering of a special educator and a speech language pathologist is a perfect pairing to support students and provide a strong foundation of skills for success in school (Mentikoski, 2021). Providing explicit instruction in neurodivergence, fostering pride and acceptance in difference and neurodiversity, and supporting students with executive function strategies to apply directly to academic tasks provides students with the tools they need to venture out into the school environment with a strong affinity based community surrounding them. 
Additionally, having two responsive and engaged educators with different backgrounds and educational lenses gives an opportunity for authentic modeling of working relationships for students. Dividing time, teaching materials, content, and one-on-one support is a dynamic and sometimes challenging collaborative effort (Emmons & Zager, 2018). Autistic students benefit from seeing the work and reward that comes out of these partnerships.
Autistic high school students who have the support of two educators with a shared focus on creating a neurodivergent-affirming space and self advocacy, but with differing areas of expertise around academic support and facilitating cross-neurotype communication, have the widespread support they need to feel confident in engaging across a variety of academic environments. When students have the academic support they need, combined with direct instruction in their learning style and in self-advocacy, they make more academic and mental health gains (Sosnowy et al., 2019). The shared responsibility of creating lessons focusing on self-advocacy, executive functioning, and autistic pride means that teachers have more capacity to authentically build relationships with their students, and to do the kind of outreach and education to their general education colleagues needed in order to spread the principals of neurodiversity-affirming practices (Scheerer et al., 2022). 
Isolating the cause of student outcomes in a public school is impossible; there are too many variables to draw hard conclusions about interventions conducted as part of a comprehensive high school education. Anecdotally, however, it is clear that the co-teaching model implemented by the instructors is working: when surveyed about whether they want to continue on in the co-taught class, or move to a check-in model with a case manager, 80% of surveyed students elected to continue with the class.
5 minutes: Introductions
15 minutes: Presentation of relevant research to support the importance of neurodiversity-affirming approaches and co-teaching as beneficial for teachers and students.
10 minutes: Overview of co-teaching model application in a comprehensive high school learning center, including specific outline of how our system has developed, and the model within our school district.
15 minutes: Overview of lessons and structure for the year.
5 minutes: Reports/feedback from co-taught students.
10 minutes: Questions 

Axbey, H., Beckmann, N., Fletcher-Watson, S., Tullo, A., & Crompton, C. J. (2023). Innovation through neurodiversity: Diversity is beneficial. Autism, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613231158685: In a study measuring creativity, innovation, and consistency, neurodiverse groups (autistic and neurotypical people working together) and the most creative and innovative designs.

Bottema-Beutel, K., Cuda, J., Kim, S. Y., Crowley, S., & Scanlon, D. (2020). High School Experiences and Support Recommendations of Autistic Youth. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 50(9), 3397–3412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04261-0: Recommendations include: providing personal attention, showing care, providing specially designed instruction, supporting kids’ ability to cope with school and stay regulated, and supporting social interaction. Additionally, educators need to intentionally affirm autistic identities and center individual strengths. 

Crompton, C. J., Ropar, D., Evans-Williams, C. V., Flynn, E. G., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2020). Autistic peer-to-peer information transfer is highly effective. Autism, 24(7), 1704–1712. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320919286: In a study measuring effectiveness of peer-to-peer information transfer, autistic to autistic information transfer was as efficient as neurotypical to neurotypical information transfer.

Emmons, C. L., & Zager, D. (2018). Increasing Collaboration Self-Efficacy to Improve Educational Programming for Students With Autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 33(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357616686312: Collaborative teaching increases capacity, feelings of success, and leverages resources for educators working with autistic students.

Friend, M., Cook, L., Hurley-Chamberlain, D., & SHamberger, C. (2010). Co-Teaching: An Illustration of the Complexity of Collaboration in Special Education. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 20(9), 9-27.


Hester, O.R., Bridges, S.A., & Rollins, L.H. (2020). ‘Overworked and Underappreciated’: Special Education Teachers Describe Stress and Attrition. Teacher Development, 24(3), 348-365, https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2020.1767189: Special education teachers feel unsupported by administrators and feel that teaching has a negative impact on their overall quality of life. 

Mentikoski, C. (2021, January 12). Why-and How-Co-Teaching Works for Me. AshaWire. https://leader.pubs.asha.org/do/10.1044/leader.SCM.26012021.34/full/

Scheerer, N.E., Boucher, T.Q., Sasson, N.J., & Iarocci, G. (2022). Effects of an Educational Presentation About Autism High School Students’ Perceptions of Autistic Adults. Autism In Adulthood, 4(3), https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2021.0046: A short educational presentation about autism negated some of the negative perceptions held by neurotypical high schoolers about autistic adults.

Sosnowy, C., Silverman, C., Shattuck, P., & Garfield, T. (2019). Setbacks and Successes: How Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum Seek Friendship. Autism in adulthood : challenges and management, 1(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0009: Autistic students have the most success in developing authentic relationships when their autistic traits are normalized. This acceptance is most often found with other neurodivergent youth. 

Strogilos, V., King-Sears, M.E., Tragoulia, E., Voulagka, A., & Stefanidis, A. (2023). A meta-synthesis of co-teaching students with and without disabilities. Educational Research Review, 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100504: Co-teachers believe that co-teaching is beneficial for learning for both teachers and students. 


Supporting the Success of Autistic Students Through a Co-Teaching Model

Literature Review 

Speech-language pathologists’ (SLPs) expertise in the language underpinnings of speaking, listening, reading, and writing is critical when working with teams to serve individuals with written language difficulties. SLPs’ roles and responsibilities include prevention, assessment, and treatment of written language disorders (ASHA, 2010). Reading and writing disorders, which often co-occur (e.g., Kim, 2022), present in a variety of profiles. Reading disorders are frequently described in terms of decoding and listening comprehension (e.g., the Simple View of Reading) as well as by multi-faceted models such as Scarborough’s (2001) Reading Rope, the Language Literacy Network (Wasowicz, 2021), and the Interactive Dynamic Literacy Model (Kim, 2022). Dyslexia is one such profile; in broad terms, individuals with dyslexia have strengths in language comprehension and difficulties with the phonological aspects of language. Other reading disorder profiles include Developmental Language Disability (DLD) and reading comprehension disorder. 

The presence and nature of reading and writing disorders involve spelling assessments as part of a comprehensive evaluation. Spelling assessments may be standardized norm-referenced (e.g., SPELL-2; Masterson et al., 2002), criterion-based (e.g., Words Their Way; 2008), and/or authentic using spelling samples. An assessment approach that involves an analysis of spelling errors, as opposed to scoring based on the number of words spelled correctly, is powerful in several ways (Masterson & Apel, 2010). First, spelling error analysis provides a window into an individual’s linguistic knowledge (e.g., Henbest & Apel, 2021). Specific types of spelling errors indicate strengths and weaknesses in the language areas of phonological awareness, orthographic knowledge, morphological awareness, and semantic knowledge (Henbest & Apel, 2021; Masterson & Apel, 2010). Second, spelling error analysis informs a treatment approach that builds on the linguistic knowledge not yet mastered by the student. Third, error analysis embedded within the treatment plan allows for ongoing assessment of progress over time. Although there is ample information to support the provision of effective literacy interventions, including word study, SLPs may not be completely comfortable or confident in their ability to provide these interventions (Marble-Flint et al 2022). However, when supported through evidence-based professional development, SLPs may provide effective literacy interventions, leading to improved outcomes for all children (Mahowald & Rentmeester-Disher, 2019).

Statement of Purpose 

Recent results of national outcomes testing indicates that literacy outcomes in most US states declined significantly when compared to scores from 2019 (NAEP, 2023). In addition to reading specialists and special educators, SLPs potentially play a key role in improving reading outcomes for all children, not just those with identified disabilities. They bring expertise in different components of language and the reciprocal relationship between written and oral language that is important in understanding literacy development in all children. The purpose of this presentation is to equip SLPs with the background knowledge and tools that will allow them to elicit and analyze spelling samples, using the multilinguistic model. Attendees will also learn how to identify treatment options that align with language needs based on the results of the analysis. 

Summary of Proposal 

The presenters will review the multilinguistic model of reading and spelling, including phonology, orthography, morphology, and semantics, with emphasis on phonology and orthography as they pertain to beginning readers and spellers. The simple view of reading and reading disorders will be reviewed, including dyslexia and literacy difficulties resulting from developmental language disorder. The presenters will then demonstrate how the multilinguistic model can be applied to spelling analysis. A variety of typical and atypical spelling samples will be presented and participants will be guided through the process of spelling analysis using the language blocks, followed by the development of treatment targets based on the results of the analyses. The presenters will share a variety of resources related to literacy disorders, assessments and interventions. There will be ample time for questions and discussion. 

Outline

5 mins- Introductions and disclosures
10 mins- Review of Simple View of Reading 
10 mins- Review of different types of reading disorders and profiles
30 mins- Language blocks of spelling with examples
30 mins- Spelling Analysis
20 mins- Case studies; Discuss implications for instruction based on spelling error analysis
15 mins- Share resources related to reading disorders and interventions; Q & A



What’s Spelling Got to Do With It?

This presentation is based on a recent article published by Katie Gore and Courtney Luckman Margulis in the May 2022 issue of Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Group #4, Fluency and Fluency Disorders (Gore and Luckman Margulis, 2022). As a therapist with 45 years of experience, one learns to pay attention to those occasional articles that have the potential to change how we do our work. This is one of those. I would describe it as seminal, one that will hopefully change how therapy is provided in the future. The concept is simple and long needed: how do we help non-specialists in fluency disorders, including school based SLPs, and especially those who see only one or two clients per year, navigate the tremendous amount of, yes, evidence-based therapy approaches that may unfortunately present competing ideologies. How do we give clinicians a place to start based on best practices that also allow them to use the other two parts of the evidence-based triangle: clinical expertise and client values? How do we increase clinician confidence that they indeed can be of help and not harm? How do we ensure that the therapy they provide is holistic, treating the whole individual and not just their lack of fluency? 

First 15 minutes: This article (and this presentation) introduces a treatment organization and therapy planning tool, NOT a new intervention. It presents and defines three organizational concepts that allow almost all existing therapy approaches to be categorized. The three concepts, each beginning with the letter E are Education, Ease, and Empowerment. 

Education refers to any activity helping the client learn about stuttering: stuttering facts and myths; anatomy and physiology; types of approaches, and how others deal with stuttering. Education taps into the Cognitive aspect of stuttering from the ABCs of stuttering (Cooper and Cooper, 1998). 

Ease refers to ways of reducing the struggle involved in stuttering, making speech less tiring and less effortful, and includes fluency shaping and stuttering modification approaches. Ease deals with the Behavior aspect of stuttering. 

Empowerment relates to the person learning to see herself as more than her stutter, as learning to move toward accepting some stuttering as she says what she wants to say, when she wants to say it and to whom she wants to say it. This of course relates to the Affective (attitudes and emotions) part of the ABCs of stuttering. Empowerment approaches might include self-disclosure, voluntary stuttering, giving a talk where stuttering is allowed to happen, or reducing avoidances. 

The remaining 45 minutes: Once these introductory remarks are out of the way, the bulk of this presentation will be a collaborative activity where participants will be encouraged to name every stuttering therapy approach or activity they have used or heard about in graduate school or read about in the literature, and then place those activities in one of the three E categories. 

A major goal of this session will be to ensure that attendees, as they anticipate providing speech therapy for clients who stutter, will be encouraged to include activities from each of the Es and in so doing to realize they will be delivering helpful and comprehensive (not fluency-only) affirming therapy that yes, may require some reeducation of family members and school personnel about what stuttering is.

REFERENCES: 

Cooper, E. & Cooper, C. (1998). The Cooper Fluency Workshop. Nova Southeastern University's Program in Communication Sciences and Disorders one-day presentation September 19th, 1998.

Gore, K.& Luckman Margulis, C. (2022). 3Es: An All-Inclusive Stuttering Therapy Tool. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Group 4 (May, 2022)

A New User-Friendly Framework for Organizing Stuttering Therapy Approaches

The utilization of telepractice has grown exponentially since early 2020. Innovations abound in the practice of teletherapy, however, not much has changed in terms of telepedagogy or its use in preparing graduate students for clinical practice. This seminar will review current research in teletherapy and introduce its innovative use in telepedagogy. 

Virtually utilizing real patients in the classroom, student clinicians were provided an opportunity to learn about and to demonstrate application of evidenced based concepts in real time. Faculty, student and patient responses in a reflective questionnaire highly supported this telepedagogy. Faculty and students reported positive attitudes towards telepractice engagement, their experience with technology, implementation of the virtual session, learning course content, and professional development.

Current research and innovations were reviewed prior to and during this study. Telepractice is an ever-evolving mode of service delivery that includes innovations and changes in videoconferencing platforms as well as in assessments and therapy materials. Real patients virtually attended class time weekly for the full course of a semester. Small student groups created an informal assessment and treatment plan targeting course constructs. Qualitative data was collected from students via a reflective questionnaire at the end of the semester pertaining to comfort with use of telepractice, value in, and perceptions of professional development. 

Introduction
The use of telepractice as a telepedagogy has the potential to facilitate the application of course constructs to clinical practice, thus improving student learning as reported by faculty and students. Telepractice has grown exponentially since early 2020. Innovations abound in the practice of teletherapy, however, not much has changed in terms of telepedagogy or its use in preparing graduate students for clinical practice. This presentation will review current research in teletherapy and introduce an innovative use of telepractice in telepedagogy. 

Procedures 

Faculty, student clinician and patient questionnaire responses, addressing the phenomenology of perceptions of the use of telepractice during classroom instruction, were collected post completion of virtual assignment. Assignments utilized real patients virtually in the instructional classroom. Faculty developed student assignments considering course objectives and learner’s knowledge & skills. Small student groups developed evidenced based informal assessment measures and clinical activities reflecting course constructs. Remaining students observed and documented the application of course constructs with real patients in real time. Patients attended remotely, engaging with student clinicians and participating the in planned activities. 

Faculty, student clinicians and patients responded to questionnaires addressing the telepedagogical experience. General perspectives on telepractice engagement, experience with technology, implementation of virtual sessions, and overall satisfaction with the experience were obtained from each group. 

Results
Faculty responded to questions addressing perceptions of pedagogical effectiveness, assessing student application of course content to clinical application, changes in faculty - student engagement, and student acquisition of learner objectives. 

Students responded to question addressing perceptions of confidence with virtual engagement, facilitation with learning course content, ability to self-assess effectiveness in engagement with a virtual patient, professional development, an employability. And finally, patients responded to questions addressing their experience with virtual student engagement, and willingness to provide feedback to students. 

Discussion
Faculty responses were highly positive to questions addressing pedagogical effectiveness, observation and evaluation of student application of course content, frequency and quality of faculty-student engagements, and acquisition of learner objectives. Student responses were overwhelmingly positive addressing perceptions of gained confidence in virtual engagement, facilitation of learning theoretical concepts and ability to self-assess effectiveness of virtual engagement. Patient responses were generally altruistic in nature, reporting satisfaction with engaging with student clinicians, providing opportunities for “giving back,” providing real time verbal feedback to students, and in the opportunity to support student learning based on personal experiences with speech-language pathology.

Utilization of telepractice, innovations in practice delivery, and clinical application continues to expand. Positive faculty, student and patient responses to the experience of telepractice in telepedagogy has merit for its inclusion in academic training programs to prepare entry level clinicians for the continuous evolution of the scope of practices in speech-language pathology. 

Overby, M. S., & Baft-Neff, A. (2017). Perceptions of telepractice pedagogy in speech-language pathology: A quantitative analysis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 23(5), 550-557.
Kim, S., Roman, A. M., & Moore, A. (2022). Patient and caregiver satisfaction regarding telepractice versus in-person services at a university speech, language, and hearing clinic. Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders, 7(3), 83-93.
Lenkey, L. (2020). Connecting speech-language pathology graduate students to their future; Telepractice pedagogy in the classroom. In EDULEARN20 Proceedings: 12th International Conference on Education and New Learning TechnologiesOnline Conference. 6-7 July, 2020. (p. 6740). IATED Academy
Bhattarai, B., Sanghavi, T., & Panchakshari, A. B. (2022). Experience Delivering Tele-practice Services among Upcoming and Working Professionals of Speech Language Pathology. Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU, 12(04), 441-447.

5 minutes—Introductions and Disclosures
10 minutes—Overview of telepractice in telepedagogy
30 minutes—Présentation/Demonstration - implementation / Questionnaire responses to telepractice in telepedagogy
5 minutes— Conclusion
10 minutes—Q & A


Innovations in Telepractice-How do we integrate it into Telepedagogy

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