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Previous research suggests that negative emotions invoked by failure feedback might lead people to tune out from the task, which is detrimental to their learning. However, failure feedback is pervasive in the real world and we need to identify ways we can learn from it optimally. In the current study, the participants’ (n = 218) task expectations were randomly set to be easy or hard. Then, the participants solved a novel type of equation problems that involved manipulation of researcher-invented symbols, followed by either success (“You solved the equations CORRECTLY!”) or failure feedback (“You solved the equations INCORRECTLY!”). Next, the participants were provided instruction about the rules of the equation tasks and solved posttest questions across two rounds. Across different learning outcomes, we identify the cases in which the influence of feedback is moderated by task difficulty expectations (on identical items), failure feedback results in equally high performance with success feedback (on isomorphic items), and participants learn better when they receive failure than success feedback (at a new independent task). We conclude that the tune-out reactions to failure during feedback might be diminished, and even be reversed, after feedback.

CogSci 2023

Influences of Task Expectations and Failure Feedback on Learning from Subsequent Tasks

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The 45th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society will take place in Sydney, Australia as a modified hybrid conference. Presentations from the main-session room will be live-streamed every day for all events. This will include all invited talks and award sessions. Recordings of all CogSci 2023 sessions will be made available for on-demand viewing after the conference. 
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The 45th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

The present study investigated the effect of mindfulness on response inhibition, and its interaction with emotions. Individuals with prior experience in mindfulness meditation and those without any meditation experience participated. During a stop signal task, participants responded to a target stimulus on go trials and inhibited responding on stop trials. An emotional face (angry, happy, or neutral) always preceded the target stimulus, which was to be ignored. Participants also completed self-reports associated with affect, awareness, and impulsivity. There were no group differences on any self-report. The task results showed that happy faces enhanced response inhibition in non-meditators, whereas angry faces enhanced response inhibition in mindfulness meditators. Results are explained through functional perspectives of how mindfulness influences attentional resource deployment to emotional stimuli, affecting response processes over time. The findings contribute to understanding the dynamic patterns through which mindfulness modulates the attention-emotion interface to promote meaning in the face of difficulty.

Mindfulness Skill Enhances Inhibition of Irrelevant Negative Emotions: Evidence from a Stop Signal Task

Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from generalized anxiety disorder. Inhibition is the most studied executive function in anxiety disorders and research has shown that elevated levels of anxiety are related to slower response times on tasks assessing inhibition. The aim of the present study was to compare inhibitory control toward emotional words, including those eliciting anxiety, in naturally cycling (NC) women and women taking different kinds of oral contraceptives (OC), androgenic and anti-androgenic OC. We present two phases of one study: a cross-sectional phase with 240 women and a daily diary phase with 89 women. Inhibitory control was measured by an Emotional Stroop task in the two phases. In both phases, there was no difference in anxiety levels between groups. However, the cross-sectional study showed that in women taking anti-androgenic OC, the higher the level of anxiety, the longer the reaction time on the Stroop task. The daily diary study showed that anti-androgenic OC users had slower response times on all the categories of words, compared to androgenic OC users. Further studies should focus on the link between different kinds of OC and inhibitory control as it can be linked to anxiety symptoms in women.

Impaired Inhibitory Control in Women Taking Anti-Androgenic Oral Contraceptives – Implications for Anxiety

This paper proposes and tests a method to study people’s blame attributions displayed in ‘Tweets’. Artificial intelligence (AI) incidents were chosen as they are a contemporary topic that is often talked about on Twitter, and are a “problem of many hands”, where multiple different agents bring about an outcome. The benefit of the method is that it was able to replicate and contextualize findings from experimental settings. For example, AIs get blamed more for negative outcomes, whilst humans get blamed for their intention. Another benefit of the approach was that it was able to identify novel factors that haven't been previously studied experimentally. For example, people were willing to directly blame data for being biased and blamed AI for replacing humans. The proposed method can serve as a way of avoiding entrenched measurement bias within a specific field by allowing researchers to update their frameworks with novel factors.


Blame attribution in human-AI and human-only systems: Crowdsourcing judgments from Twitter

In this study, we present a stimulus set that contains 80 action videos depicting 40 action exemplars (communicative and non-communicative), each performed by a social robot and a female actor with the same manner, timing, and number of repetitions. We describe the creation of the video stimuli, the normative tests conducted to validate the stimulus set (N=438), and the data annotation process. We compute an H score for each action based on entropy, which takes into account the homogeneity of the intended labels for the observers of the actions. We also report the confidence level of the participants and the frequencies of the action classifications. We discuss the implications of the results of this unique and standardized source that is suitable to use in various research areas in cognitive science, not limited to human-robot interaction but also social cognition and cognitive neuroscience.

A Set of Communicative and Noncommunicative Action Video Stimuli for Human-Robot Interaction Research

This study investigated the empathy of humans toward non-biological agents like robots and compared it to their empathy toward their conspecifics. 90 participants watched a human and a robot in painful scenarios (32 short videos created with animation techniques) and rated the intensity of pain experienced by the agent. The scenarios were created by manipulating the type of agent experiencing pain (human or robot), the source of pain (object or person), and the type of pain (physical or emotional). Results showed that humans were perceived to feel more pain than robots. In addition, the perceived pain scores were higher for scenarios where the source of pain was an object compared to a person, however, this depended on the type of pain. Emotional pain scores showed significant differences between the source of pain being an object versus a person, but physical pain scores did not depend on the source of pain.

Perceived pain of humans and robots: An exploration of the effect of agent, pain source, and pain type in pain attribution to biological and non-biological agents

In early stages of language acquisition, children often make inflectional errors on regular verbs. For example, Spanish-speaking children produce –a (present-tense 3rd person singular) when other inflections are expected. Most previous models of morphology learning have focused on later stages of learning relating to production of irregular verbs. We propose a computational model of Spanish inflection learning to examine the earlier stages of learning and present a novel data set of gold-standard inflectional annotations for Spanish verbs. Our model replicates data from Spanish-learning children, capturing the acquisition order of different inflections and correctly predicting the substitution errors they make. Analyses show that the learning trajectory can be explained as a result of the gradual acquisition of inflection-meaning associations. Ours is the first computational model to provide an explanation for this acquisition trajectory in Spanish, and represents a theoretical advance more generally in explaining substitution errors in early morphology learning.

Modeling Substitution Errors in Spanish Morphology Learning

Understanding how children process ambiguous words is a challenge because sense disambiguation depends on sentence context bottom-up and top-down aspects. Here, we seek insight into this phenomenon by investigating how such a competence might arise in large distributional learners (Transformers) that purport to acquire sense representations from language input in a largely unsupervised fashion. We investigated how sense disambiguation might be achieved using model representations derived from naturalistic child-directed speech. We tested a large pool of Transformer models, varying in their pretraining input size/nature as well as the size of their parameter space. Tested across three behavioral experiments from the developmental literature, we found that these models capture some essential properties of child sense disambiguation, although most still struggle in the more challenging tasks with contrastive cues. We discuss implications for both theories of word learning and for using Transformers to capture child language processing.

Modeling Children's Word Sense Disambiguation with Large Language Models: Insights and Challenges

Artificial grammar learning (AGL) experiments are commonly used to assess implicit learning. However, in these tasks participants may acquire explicit rather than implicit knowledge. We combined an AGL task with measures of metacognition to assess whether participants acquired explicit knowledge of the grammar. Participants were initially exposed to sequences of visual symbols generated by an artificial grammar, followed by a testing phase in which they classified sequences as either grammatical or ungrammatical. On a subset of trials (choice trials) participants were given the option to either take or skip this classification. If participants had explicit knowledge of the grammar, they should be more likely to take trials when they are confident and skip when they are not. Participants learned the grammar, and performed better in choice trials than in forced trials, demonstrating explicit knowledge of the grammar. These results suggest that AGL paradigms might elicit explicit rather than implicit learning.

Using measures of metacognition to assess the acquisition of implicit and explicit knowledge in artificial grammar learning tasks

Morphosyntactic rules are central to compositional structure in language, and therefore crucial in language acquisition. Previous research on L1 and L2 acquisition suggests that active production leads learners to notice linguistic generalisations more than passive learning does. Here, we explore whether production helps learners to access less obvious generalisations when more than one analysis is possible. We taught participants an artificial language compatible with two grammatical analyses: one that marks semantic roles using word order, the other using case suffixes. After training, half of the participants do a comprehension task, and the other half do a production task. We predict that the comprehension group will adopt the English-like word order analysis, while the production group will be more likely to learn the recurring case suffixes and thus adopt the alternative analysis. Overall, our results shed light on the role of retrieval and production for the acquisition of morphosyntactic generalisations.

Does production facilitate learning morphosyntactic generalisations?

Previous studies suggest that speech categorization is established during the first year of life (Werker & Tees, 1984). However, recent work suggests protracted development through adolescence (McMurray et al., 2018). While the early development has been thought to be driven by the statistical properties of the input, it is unclear if this late phase is also input driven. We asked whether being exposed to diverse linguistic input leads to different patterns of speech categorization. Visual Analogue Scaling task and social network questionnaires were used to measure speech categorization and the effects of linguistic diversity in children’s and adults’ social environments. Results suggest that the development of speech perception is not finished during the first year of life. It continues to be shaped by the developmental changes across the lifespan (McMurray et al., 2018). Importantly, diverse linguistic experience makes both children and adults more flexible in their speech categorization.

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Mindfulness Skill Enhances Inhibition of Irrelevant Negative Emotions: Evidence from a Stop Signal Task

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