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The ability to selectively attend to stimuli increases the efficiency of learning. However, learning traps can develop when attention prematurely narrows to a subset of the features that predict outcomes, resulting in suboptimal decisions. The current work investigated the potential for learning traps to be particularly damaging in dynamic environments, where the features that predict rewards and losses change during learning. Two experiments (N=316) found that when learners received choice-contingent feedback, they frequently fell into a learning trap, using a suboptimal categorisation rule. Critically, these learners were unlikely to detect a subsequent rule change nor learn the new optimal rule. This change blindness was not attenuated by priming participants to expect change. These results show that the pernicious effects of learning traps are amplified in dynamic environments.

CogSci 2023

Learning traps lead to change blindness in dynamic environments

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The 45th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society will take place in Sydney, Australia as a modified hybrid conference. Presentations from the main-session room will be live-streamed every day for all events. This will include all invited talks and award sessions. Recordings of all CogSci 2023 sessions will be made available for on-demand viewing after the conference.<br>
The in-person component will be held at the International Convention Centre Sydney at Darling Harbour. The Conference will take place Wednesday July 26th – Saturday July 29th, 2023 (Wednesday, July 26th is the Workshops Day).

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<br>[**The Program at a Glance can be found here**](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/COgSci-PAAG-V2.pdf)
<br>[**The Detailed Program can be found here**](https://online.fliphtml5.com/ebtyf/mswz/)
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#### **CogSci 2023 Program Book**
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The 45th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

Data visualizations are powerful tools for communicating quantitative information. While prior work has focused on how experts design informative graphs, little is known about the intuitions non-experts have about what makes a graph effective for communicating a specific message. In the current study, we asked participants (N=398) which of 8 graphs would be most useful for answering a particular question, where all graphs were generated from the same dataset but varied in how data were arranged. We tested the degree to which participants based their decisions on sensitivity to how easily other participants (N=542) would actually be able to answer that question with that graph. Our results suggest that while people were biased towards graphs that were minimally informative (i.e., contained the relevant variables), their decisions did not necessarily reflect sensitivity to more graded, but systematic variation in actual graph comprehension performance.

How do communicative goals guide which data visualizations people think are effective?

The risk–reward correlation refers to a tendency to infer the inverse proportionality between probability of an outcome and the outcome's magnitude and is considered to reflect the statistical structure of gambling environments. Existing studies have demonstrated this inverse proportionality using numerical probabilities. However, verbal probability phrases can also convey contextual information about uncertainty without numbers, and express contextual information that is not contained by numerical probabilities. Specifically, verbal probabilities have positive and negative directionalities that can attune the listener to the occurrence or non-occurrence of an outcome and consequently, the listener’s decision making. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether the risk–reward correlation also hold in verbal probability phrases, by conducting two empirical studies in which the participants were asked to estimate the reward values and winning probability of gambles expressed by verbal probability phrases such as “certain” or “impossible.” The results indicate that risk–reward correlation also hold in verbal probability phrases, and that negative probability phrases were associated with the larger rewards than the positive probability phrases.

Does “never” implicate a larger reward than “possible”? : Risk–reward correlation in verbal probability phrases

Theories in cognitive science are primarily aimed at explaining human behavior in general, appealing to universal constructs such as perception or attention. When it is considered, modeling of individual differences is typically performed by adapting model parameters. The implicit assumption of this standard approach is that people are relatively similar, employing the same basic cognitive processes in a given problem domain. In this work, we consider a broader evaluation of the way in which people may differ. We evaluate 23 models of risky choice on around 300 individuals, and find that most models---spanning various constructs from heuristic rules and attention to regret and subjective perception---explain the behavior of different subpopulations of individuals. These results may account for part of the difficulty in obtaining a single elegant explanation of behavior in some long-studied domains, and suggest a more serious consideration of individual variability in theory comparisons going forward.

To each their own theory: Exploring the limits of individual differences in decisions under risk

Probability judgments appear to violate basic axioms of probability theory, which seems to contradict with the recent successes of Bayesian models of cognition. To explain these violations, we propose the Quantum Sequential Sampler model, which combines quantum probability for explaining conjunction and disjunction fallacies, and a sequential sampling model that maps subjective quantum probabilities into responses. Our model explains probability judgments by a dynamical process, and achieves state-of-the-art performance in the biggest dataset for probability judgments to-date. Comparing with existing Bayesian models, our model predicts both probability judgments and violations of probability identities better.

Quantum Sequential Sampler: a dynamical model for human probability reasoning and judgments

Social cognition is shaped by cultural and social-psychological contexts. Depending on the social cues displayed, the cognitive processes that emerge during embodied social interactions can vary. This study explored the influence of gender diverse social cues on interpersonal coordination and decision making during dyadic interaction in virtual reality. Participants embodied either a transgender or cisgender avatar and interacted with a transgender confederate (human-controlled virtual agent). Our results suggest that transgender embodied women and men displayed more interpersonal affiliation via their coordination dynamics with the confederate after an explicit gender identity disclosure. Additionally, we found that cognitive flexibility for ambiguous decisions was influenced by attributions of responsibility made toward the confederate.

Embodied Transgender Interactions: Exploring Dyadic Interpersonal Coordination and Decision Making in Virtual Reality

Through training using distorted vision, the perception of the trained limb position is shifted based on visual information. We investigated whether and how such proprioceptive recalibration transfers to untrained limbs. The results of experiments using human-like virtual limbs confirmed that transfer to some limbs occurred. The manner in which the transfer occurred varied according to the participants' body posture and the type of trained limb. When the participants sat, the recalibration transferred from one arm to another arm symmetrically around the body midline. Conversely, in the case of a sitting leg and standing arm, it was directly copied to another leg or arm.

Interlimb Transfer of Proprioceptive Recalibration and Effect of Body Posture

This study aims to investigate whether autistic individuals (e.g., ASD) have consistent or inconsistent age-related changes for recognizing different facial emotions compared to typical ones. Particularly, do facial recognition abilities for different emotions display various developmental trends in both groups? Pictures of six primary facial types (happy, sad, angry, surprised, and confused faces) of real persons were used for 91 ASD patients and 177 normal participants from kindergartens, elementary schools, and colleges to examine the performance of facial emotion. The results showed that, although, in general, normal participants had greater recognition performance as expected, both groups of participants had three distinct categories of development patterns: (1) angry and fear, (2) happy and surprised, and the last, (3) sad and confused. These findings revealed significant theoretical and practical values for further research and treatment.

The Effects of Age on Facial Recognition of Autisms

Cognitively reappraising a stressful situation—reinterpreting it to alter its emotional impact—is effective for regulating negative emotions. When reappraising, English speakers spontaneously engage in linguistic distancing, using fewer first-person singular pronouns and present-tense verbs. We investigated whether this pattern generalizes to Spanish, a language proposed to offer unique distancing tools. Spanish and English bilinguals and English monolinguals (N = 163) transcribed their thoughts while responding naturally to negative images or reappraising them (for bilinguals, in both languages). We found that reappraisal increased standard markers of linguistic distancing similarly in English and Spanish. Moreover, stronger linguistic distancing when reappraising in either language was associated with greater reduction in self-reported negative affect. Notably, bilinguals did not utilize Spanish-specific distancing words (e.g., "estar" and diminutives) when reappraising. In showing that English-derived linguistic signatures of emotion regulation extend to Spanish, our findings offer initial evidence that linguistic distancing reflects emotional well-being across languages.

Linguistic Distancing and Emotion Regulation in English and Spanish

The current study examined the influence of emoji-conveyed positivity on lexical processing. Two separate online lexical decision tasks (LDT) were conducted, in which neutral words were primed by positive or negative emojis. The results revealed a significant positivity facilitation effect on the lexical processing of the following neutral words, demonstrating that the integration of affective information from the prime (e.g. positive emoji) can impact the processing of the unrelated target (e.g. neutral word). These findings suggest that emoji-induced positivity bias in lexical processing occurs independently of the emoji's visual appearance (i.e. whether or not it is a face), suggesting that the positivity bias results from the emotional processing and interaction between lexical and affective processes, rather than the semantic richness of emotional stimuli. The practical implications of these results indicate the potential effectiveness of emoji-conveyed positivity in reading and highlight the importance of controlling for emotional content in similar reading studies. Future research should investigate the effects of emojis on sentence and discourse processing.

More Than Mere Words: Emoji-Induced Positivity Bias in Lexical Processing

Prior literature provides contradictory claims on the differences in preferential processing among different emotional stimuli. While some studies have indicated that happy faces
are processed more effectively than others, Simione et al. (2014) demonstrated that when processing resources are limited, there is threat superiority in VSTM. Given the contrasting claims about angry vs. happy faces, we did a modified replication of the same study using real faces instead of schematic faces. We hypothesized that happy emotional expression would show better performance and conducted two experiments manipulating display times in experiment 1 and set sizes in experiment 2. We found a general "emotional superiority" effect and a ”happiness superiority” effect in both experiments, which contrasts with Simione et al. (2014)’s results. These findings indicate that a happy face gets attentional priority for storage in the VSTM. Theories of consolidation and processing in visual short-term memory need to incorporate such stimulus saliency-based processing differences.

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Learning traps lead to change blindness in dynamic environments

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How do communicative goals guide which data visualizations people think are effective?