Brazil

Glaucoma is identified as one of the main global
causes of visual impairment or blindness. There is no cure or possible corrections in case of visual impairment, so the early diagnosis is essential to delay or prevent its progression. However, the disease is asymptomatic in its early stages. The disease can be detected in routine eye exams like anterior segment optical coherence tomography, which is analyzed by a specialist, but the analysis of many patients demands much time. There are two main types of the disease, open angle and angle closure glaucoma. In this paper, we propose a method for automatic detection of angle closure glaucoma in anterior segment optical coherence tomography images, based on transfer learning and multilevel convolutional neural networks to extract visual features. In the proposed method, the multilevel architecture models achieve as the best result an AUC of 0.972.&quot;

IWSSIP 2020

Multilevel CNN for Angle Closure Glaucoma Detection using AS-OCT Images

multilevel networks

glaucoma diagnosis

transfer learning

The 9th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS), the 16h Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional (ENIAC), and the 12th Concurso de Teses e Dissertações em Inteligência Artificial e Computacional (CTDIAC) was held from 20 to 23 October, 2020.

BRACIS originated from the combination of the two most important scientific events in Brazil in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Intelligence (CI): the Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence - SBIA (22 editions), and the Brazilian Symposium on Neural Networks - SBRN (13 editions). ENIAC is a national forum for researchers, practitioners, educators and students to present and discuss innovations, trends, experiences, developments and work in progress in the fields of Artificial and Computational Intelligence. CTDIAC is a satellite event whose goals are to disseminate and award the best dissertations and theses (MSc and PhDs concluded in Brazilian universities from June 2018 to May 2020) in Artificial and Computational Intelligence areas.

In this year, the Symposium on Knowledge Discovery, Mining and Learning (KDMiLe) will be held in conjunction with BRACIS 2020. This sysposium aims at integrating researchers, practitioners, developers, students and users to present their research results, to discuss ideas, and to exchange techniques, tools, and practical experiences – related to the Data Mining and Machine Learning areas.

BRACIS 2020

Glaucoma is identified as one of the main global
causes of visual impairment or blindness. There is no cure or possible corrections in case of visual impairment, so the early diagnosis is essential to delay or prevent its progression. However, the disease is asymptomatic in its early stages. The disease can be detected in routine eye exams like anterior segment optical coherence tomography, which is analyzed by a specialist, but the analysis of many patients demands much time. There are two main types of the disease, open angle and angle closure glaucoma. In this paper, we propose a method for automatic detection of angle closure glaucoma in anterior segment optical coherence tomography images, based on transfer learning and multilevel convolutional neural networks to extract visual features. In the proposed method, the multilevel architecture models achieve as the best result an AUC of 0.972."

technical paper

The 27th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing.

One of the most used statistical approaches in the
literature for computing texture information is the Gray Level Cooccurrence Matrix (GLCM). The use of GLCM and textures descriptors calculated from there, allows, among other applications, the detection of the main direction of the elements of texture. This is possible essentially because the GLCM uses different angles to compute the relationship between the gray
tones in the image. An alternative to computing this relationship is the Sum of Difference Histograms (SDH). In contrast to GLCM, which is a bidimensional structure, SDHs are onedimensional. Once there is a relationship between the data stored in both structures, the behavior of the descriptors is similar, and the SDH have a lower computational cost being, for this, more efficient in a number of applications. In this sense, this work leads to a series of investigations regarding the correspondence between
these two approaches. Moreover, it investigates which texture descriptors, calculated from the SDH, can collaborate in the process of identifying the predominant direction of a texture.

Determining the Direction of Images Using Sum and Difference Histograms and Texture Descriptors

This work proposes the use of Genetic Algorithms (GA) to identify the area of the breast from the background in thermographic breast images. The proposed method uses color information, a fitness function based on cardioids, and GA. This is the first work in the literature to propose a Region of Interest (ROI) extraction based on GA and cariods. ROI extraction can improve the accuracy of cancer detection and assist with the standardization of acquisition protocols. The method is able to successfully separate the breast region in 52 out of 58 images, while being fully automatic, and not requiring manual selection of seed points.

ROI Extraction in Thermographic Breast Images Using Genetic Algorithms

Hybrid Capsule Network Architecture Estimation for Melanoma Detection. As uncommon as its incidence is, melanoma is considered to be one of the most aggressive and deadly skin cancers today. Risk factors for the development of the disease are related to exposure to ultraviolet rays and family history. Currently, the diagnosis is made through dermatoscopy, a noninvasive technique that aims to observe the structures of the skin. The diagnosis of melanoma is linked to the professional's experience in identifying the disease. With the advancement of computing, solutions based on deep learning were suggested to help diagnose the disease. This work has as main objective the adaptation of a capsule neural network for the task of detecting melanoma in medical images. The proposed architecture consists of the VGG16 neural network combined with a capsule neural network. The results obtained by the proposed model fed with the ISIC Archive database proved to be promising when compared to the literature, obtaining an accuracy of 92.6, sensitivity of 90.9 and specificity of 92.8.

Hybrid Capsule Network Architecture Estimation for Melanoma Detection

One of the fundamental dilemmas of mobile robotics is the use of sensory information to locate an agent in geographic space. In this paper, we developed a global relocation system to predict the robot’s position and avoid unforeseen actions from a monocular image, which we named SpaceYNet. We incorporated Inception layers to symmetric layers of down-sampling and up-sampling to solve depth-scene and 6-DoF estimation simultaneously. Also, we compared SpaceYNet to PoseNet - a state of the art in robot pose regression using CNN - in order to evaluate it. The comparison comprised one public dataset and one created in a broad indoor environment. SpaceYNet showed higher accuracy in global percentages when compared to PoseNet.

SpaceYNet: A Novel Approach to Pose and Depth-Scene Regression Simultaneously

Recently, ocular biometrics has been gaining importance in Biometrics due to the poor performance obtained in some cases by biometric systems based on characteristics of the whole face. This paper presents a new method for person authentication based on ocular deep features, which are extracted from the ocular region of the face by using a very deep CNN (Convolutional Neural Network). Another interesting aspect of our method is that, instead of using directly the deep features as input for the authentication system, it uses the difference between the probe and gallery deep features. So, our method adopts a pairwise strategy. A binary support vector machine is trained to determine whether a given difference vector is genuine or impostor. The proposed new method based on such pairwise strategy was evaluated using the ocular left set of the UBIPr dataset and five pre-trained CNN architectures. When using the pre-trained VGG-Face the proposed method obtained a state-of-the-art result (3.18% of Equal Error Rate).


Ocular Recognition Using Deep Features for Identity Authentication

This work explores and compares the plethora of metrics for the performance evaluation of object-detection algorithms. Average precision (AP), for instance, is a popular metric for evaluating the accuracy of object detectors by estimating the area under the curve (AUC) of the precision × recall relationship. 
Depending on the point interpolation used in the plot, two different AP variants can be defined and, therefore, different results are generated. AP has six additional variants increasing the possibilities of benchmarking. The lack of consensus in different works and AP implementations is a problem faced by the academic and scientific communities. Metric implementations written in different computational languages and platforms are usually distributed with corresponding datasets sharing a given bounding box description. Such projects indeed help the community with evaluation tools, but demand extra work to be adapted for other datasets and bounding-box formats. This work reviews the most used metrics for object detection detaching their differences, applications, and main concepts. It also proposes a standard implementation that can be used as a benchmark among different datasets with minimum adaptation on the annotation files.

A Survey on Performance Metrics for Object-Detection Algorithms

Deep learning-based classifiers for object recognition and classification have been used in the domain of plant disease detection, particularly lesions from leaf images. In such domains, as expected, deep neural networks perform better using balanced data sets than imbalanced ones, as they exhibit some inductive bias favoring balanced data from each class. However, data sets for plant disease detection are often imbalanced due to the rarity of disease lesions in real-world settings. While deep generative approaches such as generative adversarial networks (GANs) have been established as an effective means of augmenting high-dimensional image data, the literature lacks a detailed study of the effectiveness of GAN-based models on a plant disease detection task, compared to sampling-based approaches traditionally used to reduce the skewness of the data. In this paper, we comparatively evaluate an image classifier based on a dense convolutional neural network (CNN), trained using a GAN, versus the same CNN model used in tandem with undersampling, oversampling, and an adaptation of the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE). The GAN-based approach is shown to attain significantly higher recall and hence F-measure and ROC AUC against each of these.

Addressing Class Imbalance in Image-Based Plant Disease Detection: Deep Generative vs. Sampling-Based Approaches

Breast cancer is one of the most common diseasesin women in the world. There are various imaging techniquesemployed in the diagnosis. The histological image analysis sup-ported by computational systems has proved to be quite effectivein diagnosing the disease. In this paper, we present an approachto quantify and classify tissue samples of the breast based on features extracted from the intensity histogram, co-occurrencematrix and the Shannon, Renyi, Tsallis and Kapoor entropies. The attribute set was employed to obtain the feature vectors which were evaluated as inputs to the random forest and sequential minimal optimization algorithms with the 10-fold cross-validation technique. In this study, we investigated the proposed approach with images obtained in four levels of magnification of the publicly available Breast Cancer Histopathological Database. In the feature selection stage, we investigated the correlation-Based feature selection, ReliefF, information gain, gain ratio, one-R and symmetrical uncertainty algorithms for evaluating the performance of theproposed approach. The proposed approach achieved significant results of AUC and accuracy for all cases analyzed. The proposed approach obtained 0.997 for AUC and 97.6% for the accuracy metric. These results are considered relevant and this approachis useful as an automated protocol for the diagnosis of breast histological tissue.

Analysis of Features for Breast Cancer Recognition in Different Magnifications of Histopathological Images

Borehole stability is one of the main factors influencing the success of an oil well drilling process. Fractures and beddings (sedimentary layers) are important stability features commonly identified in borehole imaging tools. Their visual presentation in the 2D Ultrasonic Borehole Imager (UBI) consists of sinusoidal curves, in which automatic detection is not trivial. Several previous works proposed different solutions, most of them based on the Hough transform (HT). Nevertheless, HT based solutions have a substantial computational cost. In this work, we propose an innovative approach to identify the harmonic curves related to fractures and sedimentary layers in borehole images based in the Iterative Local Search heuristic, reducing the computational cost of the task significantly.

Automatic Sinusoidal Curves Detection in Borehole Images Using the Iterated Local Search Algorithm

This paper presents an approach for evaluating CAD systems using concepts of Content-Based Image Retrieval and graphical oracles. After implementing feature descriptors and selecting three similarity functions, two metrics are proposed to measure the efficiency of CAD systems. A case study was conducted considering three simulated CAD systems to detect masses and calcifications in mammographic images. The results indicated that the our approach is as robust as traditional metrics with respect to performance evaluation. However, our approach is more flexible than traditional metrics because evaluators can choose the more adequate features to assess a particular CAD system.

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Determining the Direction of Images Using Sum and Difference Histograms and Texture Descriptors

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