United States

Scientists are encouraged to engage in some form of ethical training. A common criticism of these training modules is that they are not effective. We formed a fellowship of fifteen scientists to investigate different modes of engagement with value-laden topics to see how scientists would engage in more ethically-driven discussions. These scientists met for a series of group sessions over the course of an academic year. We examined these discussions through the lens of epistemic frames, and characterize these frames through a number of characteristics including behaviors, verbal cues, and epistemic forms. We use these characteristics to identify the frames present in the fellowship, and what factors influenced changes in frames. Categorizing discussions with epistemic frames offers an opportunity for identifying what is driving more ethically-minded discussions, and this knowledge could then be used to better design ethical training modules.

AAPT SM 22

Identifying Epistemic Frames in Faculty Discourse Centered around Ethics

Join AAPT and Physics Educators worldwide in developing and strengthening your professional connections by attending the 2021 AAPT Virtual Summer Meeting. AAPT meetings are a great way to reflect on your teaching, recommit to best practices and re-energize your career with new research, products, and techniques.

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AAPT SM 21

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AAPT meetings are a great way to reflect on your teaching, recommit to best practices and re-energize your career with new research, products, and techniques. Listen to internationally known plenary speakers, attend sessions, workshops, and special activities. This meeting is an excellent opportunity to share your expertise and learn from and network with leaders in the field.



The use of groupwork in physics tutorial and lab sections presents opportunities for students to learn from each other as they make sense of physics and develop critical thinking skills. However, the same opportunities might leave students vulnerable to their ideas being negatively judged by their peers, creating a negative learning experience. GTAs who lead such courses might use strategies to help students resolve their group dynamic challenges to mitigate negative social interactions. In this study, we analyze interviews with fourteen students who were enrolled in Physics I/II mini-studio sections (combined tutorial and lab) to investigate group dynamic challenges they experienced and their GTA’s actions to resolve those challenges. Then, we explore a potential relationship between students’ perceptions of their GTA as an instructor or mentor with their evaluation of the GTA’s success with helping to resolve their group dynamic challenges. Finally, we discuss implications for GTA professional development.

Student Perspectives of Mini-Studio GTAs’ Roles in Resolving Group Challenges

Current ethics training shows little improvement in ethical decision making. Recent studies have shown that values play a much bigger role in science than what is normally accepted. We believe that by having discussions about the values found in decisions in science, we can improve scientists’ ethical decision making. We are measuring better ethical decision making by seeing how scientists’ awareness of ethical values and level of moral reasoning changed. We formed a fellowship of fifteen science faculty where they discussed the values embedded in various scientific norms to bring awareness to the values inherent in research practices. In order to see how the fellowship impacted the scientists' ethical reasoning, we conducted pre/post interviews where we asked “what would you do” in different ethical vignettes. We determined that scientists’ identified more values and we are still looking at their ethical reasoning.

The Effect of Value-Focused Discussions on Scientists' Ethical Decision Making

IPaSS is a partnership program between the University of Illinois and secondary school physics teachers across the state. The program is designed to be responsive to teachers’ instructional needs by equipping them with research-based, vetted, university-level instructional materials. In this presentation, we share the results of interviewing 14 physics teachers who joined the program over the past two years with varying levels of experience. The teachers have been involved in a design-based professional development program both in-person and online. The analysis of the video data revealed three main findings: 1) the design-based structure of the PDs provided conceptual, social, and emotional support, 2) access to university resources supported immediate implementation into their classroom practices, and 3) the program and colleagues’ perpetual support throughout the year distinguished IPaSS from their experience in other professional development programs.

Teachers’ Perceptions of a Design Based Research Practice Partnership Program

Understanding how physicists solve problems can guide the development of methods that help students learn and improve at solving complex problems. Leveraging the framework of cognitive task analysis, we conducted semi-structured interviews with theoretical physicists (N=11) to gain insight into the cognitive processes and skills that they use in their authentic research. Among numerous activities that theorists described as integral to their work, here we elucidate how theorists utilized analogies. We found that theorists used analogies to generate new project ideas as well as overcome conceptual challenges. Theorists deliberately sought out or constructed systems to use as a source of knowledge, indicating this is a skill students can practice. When mapping knowledge from one system to another, theorists sought to use systems that shared a high degree of mathematical similarity; however, these systems did not always share similar surface features. We conclude by offering potential applications to instruction.

Making expert processes visible: how and why theorists use analogy

This study investigated student difficulties reading electric field diagrams and the effect a visual change to these diagrams had on students’ ability to interpret these diagrams. Electric field diagrams are often drawn with a uniform line thickness and color. We modified the electric field diagrams to use variations in line thickness, line continuity, and arrow shape to indicate the strength and direction of the electric field. These changes, which are consistent with theories of visual attention and grounded cognition, exploit students’ innate ability to perceive line variations and arrow styles to communicate the electric field strength and direction. Students were randomly assigned to compare electric field strength and direction for points on traditional or modified diagrams. Results show correctness gains of 12.3% for magnitude and gains of 7% for direction using the modified diagrams. Overall correctness gains of 10% were observed for the modified over the traditional diagrams.

Investigating introductory student difficulties reading electric field diagrams

“How to start/set up the problem?” “What to do next?” The list can go on and is painfully familiar to virtually all students and not only. If left unanswered, these questions can easily turn students away from Physics, making problem solving a torture rather than fun and disengaging students rather than stimulating them to learn more. The author shares some approaches, methods, and materials that might help in resolving this situation based on 30+ years of learning and teaching Physics at different levels. They have been tested with hundreds of students and proven to help many of them. The material briefly described in this presentation is available for students and teachers. It was published in full last year in a two-part book with the same title.

Tools and Logic of Problem Solving in Physics

We investigate the different cultures of introductory university physics pedagogy of the United States and China through case studies at Kansas State University and Chongqing Jiaotong University. We look at the effects of different educational system backgrounds, social and cultural backgrounds, university systems and student characteristics on teaching status and pedagogy. In the US, the introductory physics curriculum pays more attention to quantitative reasoning and ethical significance of science, while that of China emphasizes the results and the materialistic worldview more. These differences are supported by greater resources in teaching time, lecture demonstration development, and supporting students’ learning. However, these increased resources in the US also lead to more diversity of teaching methods and increased efforts to assess students. We close with suggestions for improving the general education of physics in the universities of the two countries.

Comparing introductory physics courses in the US and China

"I did not realize [it] was missing from my life." The Next Generation Physical Science and Everyday Thinking Faculty Online Learning Community (NextGenPET FOLC) was created to support faculty teaching the NextGenPET curriculum. Since 2017, fifty adopters of NextGenPET have met regularly in small groups by videoconference to discuss practical issues, teaching strategies, and student learning. The FOLC provides a sounding board for ideas, space to share experiences and challenges, affective support, and a venue for troubleshooting. The opening quote is one participant’s description of the value of talking with others about their teaching. Beyond immediate impacts on their NextGenPET teaching, faculty participants have described significant professional growth, a sense of community, engaging in educational research, and increasing their leadership roles. This talk will discuss the development and evolution of the FOLC, describe emergent faculty outcomes, and offer lessons for other faculty development efforts.

Emergent outcomes from a faculty online learning community

The Next Generation Physical Science and Everyday Thinking (NextGen PET) is a proven research-based curriculum that centers the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and has been shown to significantly impact both future teacher content knowledge and understanding of how students learn science. In a recent project*, we developed a hybrid lecture-lab implementation of existing materials and wrote new materials that targeted the NGSS scientific practice of Planning and Conducting Investigations (PCI). Then COVID hit. In this talk, we report on how this recent format change helped us manage the shift online. The students were resilient, based on their course evaluation comments. We examine whether their content learning, attitudes changes, and knowledge of PCI (using materials developed for this purpose) was as resilient with data from before, during, and after the online course. Results of pre-post instruction analyses between groups and evaluation responses are discussed, as are implications for future instruction.

Student Resilience in COVID: Advantages of a Hybrid Adaptation

The Next Generation Physical Science and Everyday Thinking curriculum has been developed through years of research and development to teach physical science to pre-service elementary school teachers and other non-science major undergraduates. I will give an overview of the curriculum and the breadth of topics in physics and chemistry that it explores. This curriculum design has been extended to other areas of science with "Life Science and Everyday Thinking" and "Matter and Energy in Earth Systems," though neither has a corresponding faculty online learning community. I will describe how, in a hybrid environment (lectures and labs), and using common threads such as energy conservation, an integrated science course has been created that prepares students for their elementary education certification in a way that is inquiry-based, prioritizes active learning, and provides students with the tools to continue their own scientific learning as they become in-service teachers.

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Next from AAPT SM 22

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Student Reflections: Exploring Physics, Ethics, and the Military-Industrial Complex

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