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In an earlier study we showed that small amounts of extra credit offered for early progress on online homework assignments can reduce cramming behavior in introductory physics students. This work expands on the prior study by implementing a planning prompt intervention. In the prompt we asked students to what degree they intended to earn extra credit offered for early work on the module sequence, and what their plan was to realize their intentions. The survey was due several days before the first extra credit deadline. We found that students who completed the prompt earned on average 0.6 more extra credit points and completed the modules an average of 1.1 days earlier compared to a previous semester. We detect the impact of the survey by creating a multilinear model based on data from students exposed to the intervention as well as students in a previous semester.

AAPT SM 22

Planning Prompt Surveys to Encourage Early Completion of Homework Assignments

PERC 2022 is focused on "queering physics education" through an intersectional lens. By "queering," we are centering queer theory which breaks down social constructions and hierarchies to unpack normalized assumptions. In the context of physics education, we want to apply the theory to unpack who has power in physics to control the production of future physicists, how physics policies and practices are sometimes built on ideas of punishment and power, and how PER embeds binaries in both its content and sociological research. Further, we want to encourage a dialogue that is both a critique and an imagining of a queer future for PER.

Explicit attention will be given to constructions of race, (dis)ability, gender, sexuality and how they interact and impact lived experiences.

We have had such a fun time organizing this year’s PERC. You might be aware that we were committed to transparency and documenting our processes and decision making which we outlined here. This year has also been challenging to be a queer or otherwise marginalized person in the US. And we continue to seek and provide support for those individuals.

As such, we recommend that folks visiting Grand Rapids who have the means consider giving to some local organizations who are working to advocate for those impacted by historic and ongoing marginalization and violence.


PERC SM 22

PERC 2022 focused on "queering physics education" through an intersectional lens. By "queering," we centered queer theory which breaks down social constructions and hierarchies to unpack normalized assumptions. In the context of physics education, we apply the theory to unpack who has power in physics to control the production of future physicists, how physics policies and practices are sometimes built on ideas of punishment and power, and how PER embeds binaries in both its content and sociological research. Further, we wanted to encourage a dialogue that is both a critique and an imagining of a queer future for PER. Explicit attention was given to constructions of race, (dis)ability, gender, sexuality and how they interact and impact lived experiences.

technical paper

AAPT meetings are a great way to reflect on your teaching, recommit to best practices and re-energize your career with new research, products, and techniques. Listen to internationally known plenary speakers, attend sessions, workshops, and special activities. This meeting is an excellent opportunity to share your expertise and learn from and network with leaders in the field.



Heileman et al. developed a methodology for quantifying the complexity of program curricula. Using that framework, they showed that Engineering programs that were deemed higher quality had curricula and degree plans that were simpler than engineering programs that were ranked to be lower quality. They also propose that curricula that is simpler is more agreeable to students, claiming that a simpler curriculum would be beneficial to student retention. The purpose of this presentation is to determine whether or not this trend holds for physics programs in the U.S. Physics curricula from different universities were analyzed using the methods developed by Heileman et al. to see if there is a correlation between program complexity and program quality.

Curricular Analytics in Physics

Research-validated clicker questions comprise an easy-to-implement instructional tool that serves to scaffold and formatively assess student learning. We present findings from the implementation, in consecutive years, of a research-validated Clicker Question Sequence (CQS) on student understanding of the uncertainty principle as it applies to two-state quantum systems. This study was conducted in an advanced undergraduate quantum mechanics course, in both the virtual learning environment of 2020 and the in-person classroom setting of 2021. Students were assessed after receiving traditional lecture-based instruction, and their performance was compared with that on a similar assessment given after engaging with the CQS. We examine and remark on the constant and differing trends observed in the two modes of instruction.

Clicker Question Sequence on Uncertainty Principle: Virtual and In-Person Implementation

The field of quantum computing is presently gaining tremendous attention from governments, researchers, engineers, academics and investors. There is an ongoing push for the development of quantum computers, advances in information technology, and the development of a quantum workforce. This needs to be accompanied by the development of quantum computing courses and curricula and the development and adoption of evidence-based materials and pedagogies to support the education of the next generation of quantum information scientists At Texas Tech University (TTU), we have introduced a course in Quantum Computing and have begun to research student understanding of topics in this field. Our goal is to develop evidence-based materials for the course. We did a series of interviews to identify students’ strengths and difficulties in these topics. We report on the results of these interivews and our initial work on the development of supplementary materials for the course.

Investigating Students’ Strengths and Difficulties in Quantum Computing

This talk will focus on ways to assist high school physics teachers in incorporating 21st century physics side by side with classical topics. The talk will compare the QuarkNet approach with the seven characteristics of effective professional development developed by Linda Darling-Hammond et.al.

21st Century Physics Integrated into the High School Physics Curriculum

Models like string theory inspire exciting questions about physics in higher dimensions. Fundamental concepts like energy and momentum generalize to extra dimensions easily, but angular momentum as traditionally taught depends on the cross product: an intrinsically three-dimensional concept. Instead, even introductory rotational physics can be taught just as easily in terms of "bivectors," which can be visualized as "tiles" with area and orientation whose components form an antisymmetric matrix. Bivectors have historically been discussed mostly in specialized contexts like spacetime classification or geometric algebra, but in most ways they are just as easy to understand as vectors, and they generalize naturally to extra dimensions. Imagine never again watching a student struggle to master yet another right hand rule, never again worrying about the subtle trap of a left-handed coordinate system. Teaching rotational physics in this language opens the door to exploration of higher dimensions, and it's more fundamental as well.

Lessons from Extra Dimensions: Rotations Were Bivectors All Along

The von Neumann theory of quantum measurement involves uniquely entangling the eigenstates of a self-adjoint operator with the pointer states of the experimental apparatus. Then, either wavefunction collapse, or decoherence (due to the macroscopic pointer states) fixes the measurement of the apparatus. Unfortunately, most, if not all, quantum experiments don't operate that way. Instead they are counting experiments, where properties are often inferred from the geometrical set-up of the experiment. In this talk, I will focus on how momentum is actually measured, which usually follows a time-of-flight strategy, that infers the momentum by measuring the position. I will provide examples for how this works and explain why we need to teach a proper measurement theory within undergraduate quantum mechanics classes. Only in this fashion, can we properly prepare our students for future careers in the quantum-enabled workforce, particularly in the area of quantum sensing.

Teaching Measurement to Prepare for Quantum Sensing

Physical science standards on electromagnetic and gravitational interactions are sometimes relegated to a chapter in a textbook and may feel to middle and high school students like topics that are old and stale, in other words, settled science. Approaching these standards from a different direction - using current searches for dark matter as a storyline - can spark students' curiosity and engage them in seeing science as a process that is always evolving. Now that we are face-to-face again, we will take the opportunity to explore hands-on activities developed or adapted by the Education and Outreach Department at the Sanford Underground Research Facility around the topics of evidence for dark matter and current dark matter searches.

Dark Matter Activities as a Phenomenon for MS/HS Standards

Hypersonic flight is a domain that is generally considered to include anything traveling five times or more the speed of sound. At these speeds, unique challenges arise that influence vehicle design. Hypersonic flight is also of national defense interest for most international actors. However, there is little in the way of curriculum to support hypersonic instruction at the K-12 level. I will report on the initial curriculum development results for teaching concepts about hypersonic flight. This curriculum development is being completed through a partnership of the Indiana Univeristy-Bloomington School of Education and the education outreach office at Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center.

The Development of a Hypersonic Curriculum: Initial Results

Inequitable outcomes in physics courses point to systemic inequities in higher education for students with historically disadvantaged backgrounds and investigations focusing on these can be useful to provide support and create an equitable and inclusive learning environment. Specifically, student grades and motivational outcomes in introductory physics courses can influence their retention in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines and future career aspirations. This study uses data at a large public research institution to investigate the grades earned by students categorized by four demographic characteristics: gender, race/ethnicity, low income status, and first-generation college student status. We find that on average across all years of study, underrepresented minority (URM) students experience a larger penalty to their STEM GPA than even the most disadvantaged non-URM students. In order to further understand inequitable outcomes in introductory physics courses, we discuss an investigation of students' motivational beliefs that show a gender gap.

Not all Disadvantages Are Equal: Investigating Grades and Motivational Beliefs

This presentation synthesizes several strands of quantitative analysis of the relation of membership in a demographic group underrepresented in physics classes on course outcomes (course grades and Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation post-test scores) as well as university outcomes (graduation). Differences are explored by gender, underrepresented ethnic or racial minority status, status as a first-generation college student, and rural or urban status. Mediation and moderation analysis show that many differences in course outcomes are largely explained by prior preparation (with some important exceptions), but that the factors influencing differences are not the same for all groups. Survival analysis shows that the patterns of risk of negative college outcomes are not the same for all groups suggesting retention efforts need to be tailored for different demographic groups to maximally retain all students.

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Using a Planning Prompt Survey to Encourage Early Completion of Homework Assignments