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In this lecture, I will present what we know so far about the biomechanics or hydrodynamics of front crawl, focusing on propulsive and resistive forces at different speeds. Recent studies show that the resistive force increases in proportion to the cube of the velocity, which implies that a proficient technique to miminise the resistive (and maximise the propulsive) force is particularly important in sprinters. To increase the velocity in races, swimmers increase their stroke frequency. However, experimental and simulation studies have revealed that there is a maximum frequency beyond which swimmers cannot further increase swimming velocity due to a change in the angle of attack of the hand that reduces its propulsive force. While the results of experimental and simulation studies are consistent regarding the effect of the arm actions on propulsion, the findings of investigations into the effect of the kicking motion are conflicting. Some studies have indicated a positive effect of kicking on propulsion at high swimming velocities while the others have yielded the opposite result. Therefore, in this lecture, I would like to integrate the results of previous studies and explain how swimmers control their swimming speed from various perspectives.

icSPORTS 2021

How do Swimmers Control their Front Crawl Swimming Velocity?

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Most human activities, including sports, are becoming more and more technological. Engineering in general and Information Technology in particular are important in the support for many activities directly or indirectly related to sport sciences, including improvement of physical activities, sports medicine, biotechnology and nutrition, sports management, and all other application areas in sports. This conference intends to be a meeting point for both academics, sport professionals and practitioners to exchange ideas and develop synergies. . 
CONGRESS AREAS. 
1 . Computer Systems in Sports. 
2 . Health and Support Technology. 
3 . Signal Processing in Human Movement. 
4 . Sport Performance and Support Technology

Most human activities, including sports, are becoming more and more technological. Engineering in general and Information Technology in particular are important in the support for many activities directly or indirectly related to sport sciences, including improvement of physical activities, sports medicine, biotechnology and nutrition, sports management, and all other application areas in sports. This conference intends to be a meeting point for both academics, sport professionals and practitioners to exchange ideas and develop synergies.

Resistance training is well known to induce adaptive changes in the morphology and architecture of human skeletal muscle, while also leading to adaptive changes in nervous system function (Aagaard 2003, Aagaard et al. 2020). These changes contribute to the marked increase in maximal contractile muscle force and power that can be seen with resistance (strength) training not only in athletes but also in previously untrained persons, including frail and very old (>80 yrs) adults and patients.Importantly,the training induced improvements in skeletal muscle size/architecture and neuromuscular function are translated into improved athletic performance in younger adults, while correspondingly leading to an enhanced functional capacity during activities of daily living in aging individuals and patients, respectively.

Changes in Muscle Morphology, Neuromuscular Capacity and Tendon Function with Training: Implications for Athletic Performance, Patient Rehabilitation and Aging Individuals

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Changes in Muscle Morphology, Neuromuscular Capacity and Tendon Function with Training: Implications for Athletic Performance, Patient Rehabilitation and Aging Individuals

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