United States

Despite the fact that researchers agree that AI technologies offer a huge opportunities for firms to analyze data and identify patterns for decision making, many firms utilize these technologies for operational purposes and limit their uses for employee productivity and cost saving (Ivanov, 2019; R. Leung, 2019). The utilization of AI technologies in the systems of the firms is an ongoing process (Law et al., 2019). Compared to other leading industries in AI adoption, tourism and hospitality industry found to have low adoption rates (Bughin et al., 2017). The study of Bughin et al. (2017) indicated that among 14 industries across ten countries around the globe, tourism and hospitality industry was ranked as the lowest in terms of assets (depth of AI technologies, AI spends, and supporting digital assets), usage (product development, operations, supply chain and distribution, customer experience, financial and general management), and labor (exposure to AI in workplace and AI resources per worker. Tourism and hospitality industry is a massive industry that comprises a number of key stakeholders (government, tourism and hospitality organizations and operators, SMEs, NGOs, suppliers, employees, tourists, utilities and infrastructure, education, communities, and transport) who involve with the industry (Stainton, 2021). Hence, the aim of the current study is to investigate the perception of tourism and hospitality stakeholders on motivators, enablers and barriers of the implementation of AI technologies in the tourism and hospitality firms in the UAE. This study will adopt mixed method. It will start with qualitative approach (focus group) followed by a quantitative approach (questionnaire).

TOUR 2021

Strategic implementation of artificial intelligence in the UAE tourism and hospitality industry

enablers

motivators

tourism and hospitality

barriers

ECAI2020 featured a full programme of technical papers, as well as many AI-related events of interest for researchers, students and all attendants who are interested on contemporary AI, including:




**An extensive programme of workshops, tutorials, and invited speakers**

**The Prestigious Applications of Intelligent Systems conference (PAIS)**

**The Frontiers in AI track sessions**

**The Lab To Market event**

**The Women in AI time**

**The EU Challenges forum**

… and many more!

ECAI 2020

ECAI 2020 featured a full programme of technical papers, as well as many AI-related events of interest for researchers, students and all attendants who are interested on contemporary AI.

technical paper

Dear Delegates, 

On behalf of the organizing committee at UCF Rosen College of Hospitality Management and Elsevier, I have the greatest pleasure to welcome you to the **6th World Research Summit for Tourism and Hospitality: Resilience, Adaptability, and Innovation.** 

Though we cannot host you this year owing to Covid-19 at our beautiful resort-like campus in Orlando, Florida, we believe this virtual and live-streamed conference will provide an interactive, dynamic, and shared international platform for global academics and practitioners to discuss how to enhance research applications and knowledge management through resilience, adaptability, digital intelligence, innovation, and smart knowledge in bringing our industry and research back to normal. This summit particularly offers unique opportunities to unfold and embrace various repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic with various stakeholders, including academic researchers, industry professionals, and government officials, through dialogues on how to better utilize research outputs for the benefits of the industry, in a resilient, intelligent and innovative way. 

I hope you will agree that we have put together a wonderful program including keynote speeches, panel discussions, concurrent presentations, poster sessions, and best paper recognition and award ceremony. We hope you will take advantage of these activities and engage yourself with great learning and sharing opportunities during the two days of the Summit. Thank you for joining us and we look forward to our discussions! 

Sincerely, 
Dr. Youcheng Wang 
Dean and Preeminent Chair Professor

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This conference provides an interactive, dynamic, and shared international platform for global academics and practitioners to discuss how to enhance research applications and knowledge management through resilience, adaptability, digital intelligence, innovation, and smart knowledge in bringing our industry and research back to normal. This summit particularly offers unique opportunities to unfold and embrace various repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic with various stakeholders, including academic researchers, industry professionals, and government officials, through dialogues on how to better utilize research outputs for the benefits of the industry, in a resilient, intelligent and innovative way.

The 2021 Fourth Annual Gansu Baiyin mountain ultramarathon was an immense tragedy in which 21 marathoners were killed due to extreme weather. Recent trends in hosting outdoor sporting events in tourist attractions have played an important role to expand the Chinese tourist market. Although the risk of frequent accidents is recognized, outdoor sporting events still need more scholarly attention because of the different causation in each incident. This paper seeks to investigate the use of a system-based technique for accident analysis, which is the AcciMap approach by Rasmussen (1997). Several attempts have been made to adopt the AcciMap approach in the outdoor recreation domain, which was acknowledged as applicable so far. The findings have shown that the AcciMap approach is suitable for investigating severe incidents that happened in outdoor sporting events. The analysis conforms to the statement that multiple factors are interacted to cause an accident. Moreover, this study illustrates how those factors lead to the outcome, which provides insights for examining associations between them. In conclusion, suggestions on risk management for hosting future outdoor sporting events in tourists attractions are discussed, in the hope of preventing similar events from occurring and calling for a better combination of sport and tourism.

How to improve risk management in sport tourism: Applying the AcciMap approach to examine Gansu ultramarathon incident

This study aimed to evaluate the use of food delivery apps (FDA) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. A total of 950 questionnaires were collected, covering four Brazilian regions: Southeast, Central-West, Northeast, and South. The data was collected during the peak of the second wave of the pandemic. A questionnaire with 39 measurement items was applied using an online survey. These items were evaluated using a five-point Likert scale covering the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2). The data was analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling. About 47% of consumers use FDA weekly. The continuance intention of FDA during the pandemic in Brazil was affected by performance expectancy (β =0.496; p <0.001), social influence (β =0.094; p <0.001), hedonic motivation (β =0.068; p =0.003), price value (β =0.103; p <0.001), habit (β =0.305; p <0.001), frequency of using FDA (β =0.051; p =0.04), and solidarity with the foodservice sector (β =0.090; p <0.001). It was also observed that the continuance intention reduces risk perception (β = -0.403; p <0.001), and risk perception reduces the frequency of using FDA (β =0.178 p <0.001). The results indicate that the UTAUT2 strongly explains consumers’ continuance intention. Differences in path estimates among Brazilian regions were observed, indicating some regional differences. It was possible to observe a tendency of using FDA during and after the pandemic, motivated by several factors. The FDA developers and foodservice managers could use this data to improve their services. Policies must be established to increase consumer and employee safety during the delivery service. This study was supported in part by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant #2019/10936-0

The use of food delivery apps during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: The role of solidarity, perceived risk and regional aspects



Intramuros is hailed as UNESCO World Heritage Site owing to its historical wealth. A must-visit area, there is a tourist influx amidst the COVID-19 lockdowns and travel restrictions. With the vaccine roll-out, the Philippine Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF) allowed the resumption of tourism with 30% capacity in establishments among other guidelines to guard against the spread of the virus.




This study incorporates the requirements of the IATF, including physical distancing as the health and safety of the visitors, are prioritized in the re-opening of tourism. It hopes to illustrate how the modified Potential Physical Carrying Capacity (PPCC) can further be used for other destinations to promote sustainable tourism in the country amidst the pandemic.




Anchored on the work of Boullon (1985) in which the average individual standard of psychological comfort of tourists was considered, the formulae were modified to incorporate physical distancing and the maximum tourist capacity guidelines set by the IATF. The datasets used were downloaded from Openstreet Map, which in turn were computed so that only polygons that represent tourist attractions within Intramuros are left in the analysis. Based on land use and areas, tourist sites represented by polygons were highlighted using GIS software.




The study shows that PPCC within Intramuros ranges from 7-350 people per hour with the Fort Santiago complex having the largest of three hundred fifty (350) and Plazuela Madre Francisca del Espiritu Santo de Fuentes having the smallest with seven (7).




Notwithstanding that the tourism industry was hardest hit by the pandemic, it is critical to have the modified PPCC in the computation of the physical carrying capacity of the destination sites. Proper planning and good governance are made more efficient as the industry adapts to the new normal if this model will be used as the basis.

"Intra-muros”: An assessment of the physical carrying capacity of Intramuros in the time of COVID-19

Alternative tourism contributes to the sustainable development of tourism and, among other things, to the active participation of communities in the management of tourism development in their territories, for which it is considered necessary to study the concept, characteristics and benefits of alternative tourism, as well as its relationship with sustainable development and tourist competitiveness, which lead to a methodology to evaluate the potential of a territory as an alternative tourism destination. The main objective of this study is to design an Index of Sustainable Development in Alternative Tourism (IDSTA) based on the indicators of tourist competitiveness that are focused on the dimensions of sustainable development, as a tool for identifying the capacities of an associated territory to the development of alternative tourism. This index was validated in a country considered an emerging destination and its different regions (departments or states). The main findings indicate that at the country level, the territory is suitable for the development of alternative tourism, while the analysis by grouping of departments (cluster analysis) shows three large groups, the first with optimal conditions for the development of alternative tourism , the second has a medium level and, the last group must strengthen its characteristics for alternative tourism.

Alternative tourism development index: Review and implications

Introduction

The current study examines the influence of hotel websites’ text-image congruence on viewers’ perceived trustworthiness, perceived ease of image, perceived credibility, perceived attitude, perceived fluency, and their booking intention.

Method

The data was collected from travelers who had booked a hotel room directly through a hotel’s website within the past 12 months. A total of 300 survey were collected. After the elimination of the missing values, 242 samples were utilized for the data analyses.

For the data analysis, the two-step approach suggested by Anderson and Gerbing (1988) was used. In the first step, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the validity of the measurement scales. A series of fit indices were used to assess the model fit for the measurement model. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess the reliability of measurement scales. In the second step, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the study hypotheses. Same series of fit indices were used to evaluate the model fit for the structural model.

Results

The results of both CFA analysis and SEM indicated that chi-square to degree of freedom ratio was less than the recommended value of 3 (Hair et al., 1998). In addition, other goodness-of-fit indices such as room mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), goodness of fit (GFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and normed fit index (NFI) were examined. The results indicated a reasonable model fit (Hair et al., 2010). Except H2d, rest of hypotheses were supported. (Table 1)

Discussion

The findings of current study offer important practical implications. Practically, the results help hotel managers to reveal better website design strategies to increase sales and drive repeat business.

Assessing the effects of text-image congruence on hotel guests’ information perceptions and booking intention

The COVID-19 pandemic affected numerous economic sectors, in addition to social, behavioral, and psychological aspects of the world population. Among the observed sectors, exhibitions and their stakeholders were impacted, including exhibition assemblers. In this article, we presented the results of a mixed exploratory research, investigating the impacts of the pandemic on exhibition assemblers in the city of Sao Paulo/Brazil. The research problem was the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 for owners/managers and employees of exhibition assemblers under the hospitality and competitiveness dimensions, and we suggested the following propositions: (P1) the assemblers of exhibition businesses in Sao Paulo/Brazil were negatively impacted on their work routine by the dissemination of COVID-19; and (P2) in times of crisis, assemblers in the exhibition sector have increased their competitiveness by innovating their operation area. For the preparation and development of this study, we presented central concepts of hospitality and competitiveness by authors in different research lines, as well as assemblers’ definitions and updated data on the impacts of COVID-19 in the sector. The field research was divided into two stages, the first being qualitative (through an interview script, in the form of in-depth interviews with owners, managers and members of institutions of the area), and the second, quantitative (through survey with collaborators of the assemblers). As findings, we observed the restructuration of the area during the pandemic, with the emergence of hybrid events and the adoption of new technologies to broaden the consumer experiences. Quantitative data suggested an interesting relationship with the analyzed constructs. For future studies, we suggest the analysis of other stakeholders, continuing the investigation of the impacts of COVID-19 on exhibition segment and the behavior of the post-pandemic market.

Hospitality in the age of Covid: The impact on exhibition assemblers

The covid-19 pandemic has generated an unprecedented crisis that has challenged the restaurants and hotels industry. In Brazil, these sectors are still overcoming the challenges through competitive advantage strategies. In this regard, this research intends to answer the following problem: What's the perception of restaurant and hotels employees about the competitive advantage strategies applied by organizations during the pandemic crisis? The main objective of the research is to analyze through the application of online surveys the perception of employees about the aspects that provide competitive advantage and survival of the businesses in the previously mentioned sectors during the crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The propositions are: (P1) Considering the COVID-19 pandemic crisis scenario, stakeholders in the hotel and restaurant sector presented competitive advantage factors; (P2) the COVID-19 pandemic threatened the survival of businesses operating in the restaurant and hotel sector. This study uses a mixed-methods approach. In the first stage, the authors used relevant bibliography about hospitality to do the literature review, afterward semi-structured interviews were employed using the snowball technique to contemplate professional aspects and the services routines of these organizations. The interviews with hotel and restaurants managers showed aspects such as the influence of the pandemic on the services routine and the relationship with their stakeholders. The results showed that both sectors tried to apply innovative measures to deal with the crisis. The moment brought the businesses closer to their stakeholders, forming partnerships. The interviews express similarities between the sectors regarding the challenges experienced concerning sales reduction, employee dismissal, and strict safety and hygiene protocols to demonstrate credibility to customers. The research shows a gap in knowledge from the employee's point of view, justifying this research follow up to a quantitative stage applied to employees of hotels and restaurants.

In search of survival: The impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on the hotel and restaurant sector

The present study offers a bibliometric review of the evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) research in hospitality and tourism with a specific focus on the progress and applications of AI in various facets of the industry. To that end, this study aims to present the prevailing state of research on AI to highlight the emerging themes and issues, while providing valuable insights and novel opportunities for hospitality decision-makers by drawing a clear picture of the current state of affairs of the industry as it relates to AI applications. This study employed a bibliometric approach and analyzed the relevant articles that were published in hospitality and tourism journals. Theoretically, this study’s findings contribute to the discourse on AI in hospitality and tourism research by providing an overview of the bibliometric methodology and utilizing bibliometric techniques to offer insights into the interdisciplinary structure of hospitality and tourism research.

A critical review of artificial intelligence research in hospitality and tourism

The contemporary era is experiencing a paradigm shift through the use of digital technologies when most travelers are millennials and tech-savvy. In this vein, augmented reality (AR) provides an enriched travel experience through the 3D real environment in real-time by giving useful information, comprehensive guides and navigation for travelers. Such scenarios are providing avenues for the achievement of sustainable development of tourism through addressing environmental, social and economic aspects. Therefore, the present study aims to illuminate the current state of knowledge related to the nexus of augmented reality (AR) and sustainable development of tourism by integrative literature review. Methodologically, the integrative literature review included peer-reviewed studies from the web of science (WoS) and used ATLAS.ti 9.1 qualitative data analysis software. The findings of the study based on word cloud, identified codes, and future research agenda based on the identified gaps are of great worth to address the areas of concern related to the enhanced use of augmented reality in the vein of sustainable development of tourism. The findings will inform the relevant stakeholders about the current status and use of augmented reality (AR) in the context of sustainable development of tourism by highlighting the avenues for fostering tourism sustainability. The end part of the study also discusses the limitation of the research.

Augmented reality and sustainable development of tourism: An integrative literature review

In recent years positive tourism has become an emerging trend, which has not yet been sufficiently examined. Positive tourism as such is grounded in positive psychology, that primarily studies human well-being, or more precisely what makes one's life worth living. However, as of now there are only a few studies that are focusing on happiness in the tourism context. Even though tourism is one of the crucial determinants of overall life satisfaction and happiness. Furthermore, recent studies found that visitors' happiness has a substantial influence on their satisfaction, behavior in the particular destination and even their loyalty perception.

Therefore, the main focus of this study lies in the examination of visitors' happiness in the loyalty context among domestic visitors of the Moravian wine region (the largest wine region in the Czech Republic). Hence, the influence of 17 loyalty factors on two happiness indicators (the stay in destination made visitors happy and the stay in the destination contributed to visitors' happiness) was examined.

Based on the multiple regression analysis, there are seven loyalty factors that have an influence on happiness indicators. Namely, these factors are: relaxation, quality of wine, natural attractions, information about wine, friendly acceptance by the locals, wine culture and traditions as well as vineyard excursion. Furthermore, based on Kruskal-Wallis test, gender and income have a substantial impact on both happiness indicators.

In conclusion, what made visitors mostly happy were some of the key features of the Moravian wine region, which might consequently lead to the higher level of perceived happiness in this particular destination. That might also potentially add to a stronger emotional tie with that destination. Consequently, it could help the destination to distinguish itself from other competitors as well as the visitors might be more inclined to recommend it to their acquaintances.

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