United States

All cultures deserve to have their history told in their unique way. Street art culture has its root in graffiti since 30,000 BC. Nowadays, creativity assumes one of the central roles on the city agenda.

Street art is studied by scientists from all over the world, and while their research can sometimes be obscure, the only thing they all agree with is street art – international practice. Experts shared their assessment that the penetration of street art in only one historical district can give the tourism industry additional financial profit. Street art can provide up to one additional day for a tourist group to be present in the city, by creating sightseeing tours. There are rules governing street art, criteria by which the legalization of the image on the facade of the building is evaluated.

Graffiti became street art and influenced being the most provocative art act in history. Nowadays people pay thousands of dollars in auctions for a Banksy print when just several decades ago graffiti artists were thrown into jail for having the same concept. For this purpose, the focus is on the evolution of street art is as the evolution of power relations between society and space. The focus of this article is to evaluate street art through the Broken Windows Theory from the angle of historical timeline and analyse opportunities for tourism, most of all for local tourism, which is the priority one according to pandemic time. A brief discussion of the way of why street art is one of the most important art performances is provided, followed by some observations on how street art effect society according to broken windows theory and gentrification tools.

TOUR 2021

Commercial street art: Opportunities for tourism

gentrification

street art

tourism

history

Truth and Responsibility
“Truth and Responsibility” is a call to reimagine anthropology to meet the demands of the present moment. The imperative to bear witness, take action, and be held accountable to the truths we write and circulate invites us to reflect on our responsibility in reckoning with disciplinary histories, harms, and possibilities. To whom are we giving evidence and toward what ends? For whom are we writing? To whom are we accountable, and in what ways? We are thrilled to announce the theme of the 2021 AAA Annual Meeting to be held in Baltimore, MD: Truth and Responsibility.

Many consider anthropology to be a holistic social science dedicated to cross-cultural understanding as a way to reduce bigotry and more fully comprehend “what it means to be human.” Others push against this readily circulated origin story, arguing that “human” remains a highly contested, political category—evident as the presumed set of rights and protections associated with the “human” continue to be stripped away violently in the communities in which some of us live and work. Which violent histories and epistemologies must anthropologists take responsibility for in telling truth(s) about the discipline’s development? How do the dual histories of settler colonialism and slavery continue to influence anthropological thought and practices? In these political times, how can anthropologists throughout the globe work to secure a capacious, progressive vision of the human? How might movements for anti-racism, decoloniality, queer liberation, and healing such as #BlackLivesMatter, #ProtectMaunaKea, and #MeToo push a future anthropology out of the ashes of the anthropological past? Finally, what are the limits and possibilities of the anthropological imagination?

Across subfields, we find truths in patterns of human behavior, language, evolution, and cultural worlds. Industry-positioned anthropologists do this by extending the boundaries of the discipline not as an administrative solution to job shortages but as a source of intervention and knowledge production. Increasingly, anthropologists who make use of the scientific method question how status and identity help to decide which facts come to represent truth. How might quantitative researchers use our methods to identify patterned truths, and what responsibility do we hold in challenging conventional wisdom about these patterns? What responsibility do we have to both our colleagues and larger publics, to push toward increased transparency and ethical grounding in our data collection, analysis, and presentation?

Pedagogy is a key medium for the communication of anthropological truths. Which (and whose) truths are foregrounded in our curricula? What are the possibilities for a liberatory pedagogy in a precarious, “post-truth” era? Conferences, museums, organizing spaces, and classrooms are sites where pedagogy and various forms of communication can help us interrogate the performativity of truth. How might anthropologists conceive of truth performances? Might visual, aural, and choreographic performances during AAA sessions offer anthropologists alternative genres for truth-telling and truth-making that provoke discussions about responsibility?

In accordance with the urgency of the year’s theme, the questions posed in this call for papers do not have easy answers. The hope is that those who submit proposals will take up these questions and engage in collective thinking and imagining about the truths we hold, the truths we challenge, and the responsibilities we bear in co-creating a free and more equitable world. All panel proposals should have a statement about how the panel has incorporated the goals of equity, diversity, and inclusion, and/or analysis of power.

Executive Session proposals have already been selected and speak directly to the theme “Truth and Responsibility.” To practice the critical reflexivity this call for papers invites, we asked that Executive Session submissions explicitly address the diversity of session participants, such as organizational/institutional affiliation, career stage, race, ethnicity, disability, sexuality, class, religion, national identity, and gender. Proposals for Executive Sessions that demonstrated a commitment to equity and inclusion and/or a clear analysis of power (i.e. anti-imperialist, anti-white supremacist, decolonial, anti-ableist, feminist, anti-transphobic, anti-xenophobic, etc) were given priority. We are excited to be in conversation with residents of the Baltimore region and look forward to the discussions, performances, and actions generated by the dynamic group of anthropologists attending the 2021 AAA Annual Meeting.

AAA Annual Meeting 2021

“Truth and Responsibility” is a call to reimagine anthropology to meet the demands of the present moment. The imperative to bear witness, take action, and be held accountable to the truths we write and circulate invites us to reflect on our responsibility in reckoning with disciplinary histories, harms, and possibilities. To whom are we giving evidence and toward what ends? For whom are we writing? To whom are we accountable, and in what ways? We are thrilled to announce the theme of the 2021 AAA Annual Meeting to be held in Baltimore, MD: Truth and Responsibility.

technical paper

Dear Delegates, 

On behalf of the organizing committee at UCF Rosen College of Hospitality Management and Elsevier, I have the greatest pleasure to welcome you to the **6th World Research Summit for Tourism and Hospitality: Resilience, Adaptability, and Innovation.** 

Though we cannot host you this year owing to Covid-19 at our beautiful resort-like campus in Orlando, Florida, we believe this virtual and live-streamed conference will provide an interactive, dynamic, and shared international platform for global academics and practitioners to discuss how to enhance research applications and knowledge management through resilience, adaptability, digital intelligence, innovation, and smart knowledge in bringing our industry and research back to normal. This summit particularly offers unique opportunities to unfold and embrace various repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic with various stakeholders, including academic researchers, industry professionals, and government officials, through dialogues on how to better utilize research outputs for the benefits of the industry, in a resilient, intelligent and innovative way. 

I hope you will agree that we have put together a wonderful program including keynote speeches, panel discussions, concurrent presentations, poster sessions, and best paper recognition and award ceremony. We hope you will take advantage of these activities and engage yourself with great learning and sharing opportunities during the two days of the Summit. Thank you for joining us and we look forward to our discussions! 

Sincerely, 
Dr. Youcheng Wang 
Dean and Preeminent Chair Professor

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This conference provides an interactive, dynamic, and shared international platform for global academics and practitioners to discuss how to enhance research applications and knowledge management through resilience, adaptability, digital intelligence, innovation, and smart knowledge in bringing our industry and research back to normal. This summit particularly offers unique opportunities to unfold and embrace various repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic with various stakeholders, including academic researchers, industry professionals, and government officials, through dialogues on how to better utilize research outputs for the benefits of the industry, in a resilient, intelligent and innovative way.

Perceived supervisor support (PSS) has been repeatedly linked to positive outcomes for employees and recent researchers have examined PSS’s ability to buffer the effects of negative workplace experiences (Ng & Sorensen, 2008; Patzelt et al., 2021). During the COVID-19 pandemic, popular press articles have emphasized the high prevalence of customer mistreatment in the hospitality sector. The present study sought to examine whether PSS would buffer the negative impacts of mistreatment anxiety on job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and mental health.

125 U.S. adults currently employed in the hospitality industry completed an online survey in Spring 2021. Self-report scales were used to measure the constructs of interest. The sample was primarily Caucasian (87.9%) and female (61.3%), and the majority (96.3%) worked in theme parks.

The anticipated relationships were tested with hierarchical linear regression. Mistreatment anxiety and PSS were mean-centered, then entered at step 1. A multiplicative interaction term was entered into step 2. A non-significant R2 change (ΔR2= 0.00, p = n.s.) indicated that the addition of the interaction term did not significantly improve prediction of job satisfaction. However, the interaction term did predict life satisfaction (b=0.06, p<.05) and mental health (b=0.06, p<.01). Further examination of the nature of these interactions confirmed the anticipated buffering effects.

The findings suggest that, for hospitality workers, the negative effects of anticipated mistreatment on mental health and life satisfaction can be buffered by supportive supervision. Considering the high levels of mistreatment anxiety experienced by faced by hospitality employees in this sample (M=5.20, SD=1.80, range=1-7), it is critical that hospitality supervisors provide their employees with the support they need. This finding contributes to a rich body of literature demonstrating the importance of supportive supervision.

Hospitality workers’ experiences with mistreatment anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic

Currently, the number of countries dealing with lack of qualified workforce is on the rise. On the opposite direction of that trend, the number of refugees continues increasing worldwide. These individuals have diverse experience and, in this conjecture, emerge as a workforce opportunity. The main question of this study is “Why the integration of refugees, under the lens of diversity, could become a value proposition for companies in the food and beverage sector?” To answer the question, this research draws on UNHCR Global Trends Report (2020), the National Committee for Refugees (CONARE), and UNHCR’s Socioeconomic Profile of Refugees in Brazil’s (2019) data. Information regarding refugees and their importance as qualified workforce was sought in the reports. According to UNHCR Global Trends Report (2020), until the end of 2019, 79.5 million people were forced to leave their home countries for several reasons. These displacements reached more than 1% of humankind and nearly doubled in the last 10 years. According to CONARE data, the presence of refugees is dramatically increasing in Brazil. Based on CONARE’s Plenary Decisions Interactive Platform, until 2021, Brazil welcomed 71.820 asylum requests. These requests came from 107 nationalities. According to UNHCR’s Refugees Socioeconomic Profile (2019), these refugees have a high linguistic and educational capital, above Brazilian average. According to the survey, among the 487 refugees interviewed, 6.37% speak 4 languages or more, 37.99% speak 3 languages, 45.17% speak 2 languages, and only 10.47% speak only one. By observing the level of education, the survey points out that 34.4% have higher education. Therefore, the data shows that these individuals are of interest for working in food and beverage establishments. The details of this study and their validation will be conducted through empirical research in 2022.

The integration of refugees in food and beverage establishments in Brazil – A documental analysis

In light of increasing globalization, intercultural competencies are playing an important role in people’s ability to perform effectively in workplaces characterized by culturally diverse group interaction.Emotional intelligence (EI), or the intelligent use of emotions, is being recognized as a significant factor at work, and it can be enhancedthrough proper EI training interventions.Cultural intelligence (CQ) is defined aspeople’s success when adjusting to another culture in the workplace, and has the ability to leverage differences by bridging cultural differences in the international hospitality industry when dealing with customers from various backgrounds. It is crucial for professionals in the tourism industry to have both cultural and emotional intelligences in order to interact with others constructively and effectively.Although evidence for the relationship between EI and cultural adjustment is supported, there has been no investigation of the relationship between them among tour guides, who act as intermediaries between tourists from different countries or cultural backgrounds and an unfamiliar environment. In addition,research has identified that the competencies of EI can be learned and enhanced through proper training techniques. Once learned, the abilities of both EI and CQ can be improved, which in turn allows an individual to become more confident in appropriately and effectively completing tasks.Therefore, the purpose of study is to investigate how tour guides’ CQ is influenced by EI.Due to the generous support of the Taiwan Tourist Guide Association, a total of 482 individuals who completed all items were included for analysis. The obtained results through SEM indicated thatCQ andEI were positively correlated; tour guides with higherEIlevels reported having moreCQ abilities.The results are consistent with previous research showing these relationships for other settings. Based on the findings, the managerial implications and suggestions are proposed for the tour guides.

The relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Cultural Intelligence (CQ): An examination among Tour Guides

The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of human resource training programs in tourism implemented in collaboration with universities and governmental organizations, such as the local federation. In Japan, approximately 70% of hospitality companies are small and mid-size enterprises without large labor budgets. Therefore, OJT and Off-JT implemented by each company is limited, making human resource training programs provided in collaboration with local governments and local tourism educations essential. In this study, we evaluated the Ishikawa Tourism Creation School organized by the Ishikawa Prefecture Tourism Federation as a case study. The program, supervised by the Japan Advanced Institution of Science and Technology, JAIST, started in 2016. The goal is to revitalize the local region and grow the tourism business by developing human resources involved in the tourism industry. The main participants in this program are hospitality industry workers and small business owners, with a wide range of age groups and various professions. Their objective was to network with other participants to improve their abilities, generate new business opportunities and enhance their knowledge of tourism, which will help them to create new ideas. The qualitative data was gathered from semi-structured interviews of participants of the program which proved that the knowledge gained in the program helped them with their routine work and encouraged innovation. Apparently, the program played a role as an additional education to human resources development training within the enterprise and education provided by educational institutions, such as universities. The program is a good example of cross-boundary learning, meaning the program has the function of community of practice. Furthermore, it has proved to have a positive influence on the career development of people working in the hospitality industry.

A study on human resource development programs in tourism: Case of Ishikawa, Japan

This study contributes to analyze the mechanisms through which high performance work systems (HPWS) might affect job satisfaction in the hospitality sector. We build on the mutual gains perspective of the human resources management (HRM) literature to hypothesize that HPWS are conducive for higher levels of job satisfaction in hotel workers. Besides, and based on the job demands-resources model, we argue that HPWS are beneficial in hospitality firms, as they provide workers with resources to adapt to their job demands, alleviating the stress derived from the intense workloads, which are typical in hotels. Thus, we believe that HPWS contribute to reduce workers' burnout, which may in part improve their job satisfaction. Analysis from surveyed hotel employees (N = 202) revealed the positive effects of HPWS on job satisfaction, as well as their role in reducing burnout. Through partial least square structural equation modelling we corroborate the direct positive effect on job satisfaction and the indirect effect through the reduction of burnout. Under the abilities-motivation-opportunities (AMO) framework we identified the effects of the different HRM "bundles of practices" on job satisfaction and burnout. Concretely, the "abilities" bundle are conducive for higher job satisfaction, whereas both the "motivations" and the "opportunities" bundles of practices reduce burnout. This study offers the first evidence of burnout as a mediating mechanism in the so-called black box of HPWS, with application to the tourism and hospitality context. It also contributes to the field with important theoretical contributions, as well as managerial recommendations.

High performance work systems for employees’ job satisfaction: The mediational role of employees’ burnout

Tourism Micro, Small and Medium sized Enterprises (MSMEs) have been forced to shut down with limited opportunities of reopening and contributing to the tourism sector. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Future Tourism Project seeks to enable the digitization of MSMEs in the Eastern Caribbean to allow these businesses to shift and capture new and emerging markets in the tourism industry. The Future Tourism Project has been implemented by The University of the West Indies, Frankfurt School of Finance and Management and the UNDP.

A training needs assessment was conducted to capture the training areas most needed by MSMEs in the Eastern Caribbean and to develop curriculum to digitally transform these businesses. Two hundred and sixty (260) businesses responded to questions relating to the characteristics of the businesses, preferences of training times and modular structure, priority short courses and priority aspects of business operations, and relevant subject matters given the recovery of tourism businesses from the global pandemic, and demographic information about the respondent. The survey was conducted online using a database of 900 businesses that signed up to an Open Call across the ten (10) Eastern Caribbean countries.



Figure 1 First Priority Short Course





The results show that marketing, financial planning and digital technologies are three (3) first priority areas of training (Figure 1). Statistically significant results were received based on K-Wallis tests for groups of respondents based on the length in business. Financial planning was important for businesses 3 years and less and business planning was important for businesses 4-9 years in business. These findings contribute to understanding the capacity building needs of tourism MSMEs that contribute to tourism management and development.

Training needs assessment of tourism MSMEs in the Eastern Caribbean

Ensuring the welfare of the resıdents in tourıst destinations are of paramount importance for the tourism service providers and responsible government authorities. Hence, the local communities retain significant measures of control over the tourıst destinations in which they reside. Economic, social and cultural exchanges between tourists and such communities often determines the attractiveness of tourist destinations. However, the Covid-19 pandemic may have caused significant psychological and behavioural changes among those communities. For instance, the fear of getting infected with diseases from tourists a major concern for resıdents in tourıst destinations. On the contrary, positive attitudes from the residents toward tourists are essential for the revival hospitality and tourism sector from in the post-Covid-19 era. This study aims to empirically investigate the roles of xenophobia, fear of getting infected, economic commitments, perceived risk, and emotional solidarity on the in the attitude of the resıdents in tourıst destinations. Cross-sectional data is being collected from field studies in Antalya, a popular Mediterranean Destinations in Southern Turkey. At the completion, this study may offer important insights about engaging local communities in tourist destinations to the hospitality and tourism service providers and concerned government authorities. Further, this study is potentially a significant addition to the literature on residents' involvement at tourist destinations.

Impact of the Covıd-19 Pandemic on the resıdents in tourıst destinations: Evidence from coastal Turkey

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are responsible for more than seventy-five percent of the hotel ownership structure in the USA. During the COVID-19 pandemic, all REITs markets were severely affected. Mandatory lockdowns and mobility restrictions affected several businesses, especially in the service sectors. Unsurprisingly, the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on hotel REITs were devastating due to the unpredictability of revenues and cash flows, directly impacting managerial decisions on how to adapt REITs' capital structure quickly. Understand the risks associated with the capital structure decision and how these determinants are affected by crises, catastrophes, and unprecedented extreme situations that can abruptly affect the revenue and cash flow generation is crucial not only to REIT managers but especially for regulators, lawmakers, and all real estate sector stakeholders impacted by unexpected market volatility. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the moderating effects of COVID-19 on hotel REITs' capital structure determinants. This paper used quarterly hotel REIT financial data of the 18 most representative U.S. H-REITs from January 2015 through December 2020, which does not include other financial crises or extreme lockdown situations other than the COVID-19 pandemic. Collecting a panel data of 472 observations, this study found robust empirical evidence that confirms COVID-19 moderates the relationships between hotel REITs' capital structure and its determinants. Adapting constructs from the Pecking Order Theory (POT) and Trade-off Theory (TOT), this study found that hotel REITs profitability and size significantly impacted their capital structure only during the pandemic; hotel REITs growth potential is a significant determinant before and during the pandemic, and hotel REITs tangibility of assets and interest coverage did not impact their capital structure nor before, nor during the crisis. The results, theoretical contributions, and managerial implications were deeply explored in the final section.

The moderating effects of covid-19 on hotel real estate investment trusts' capital structure determinants

Introduction: Saudi Arabia began welcoming international tourists in 2018. Before that, Saudi Arabia was known only for religious tourism. However, there is little to no research conducted in Saudi Arabia regarding tourism, international tourists, or tourists’ overall satisfaction.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the social and economic impact on domestic and international tourists after visiting the Western Region of Saudi Arabia.

Methods: This research employed an online quantitative questionnaire to measure the dependent and independent variables of the research. The dependent variables including tourists’ satisfaction, revisit intention, and eWOM. The independent variables include social media exposure, expectations, and understanding of the local culture, quality of tourism service, rapport, and economic expenditures. The chosen sample included domestic travelers who are visiting from other regions of Saudi Arabia and international travelers who are visiting from other countries.

Results: Results indicate that tourists who experienced high-quality services and products are more satisfied with their decision to visit the western region. Moreover, domestic and international tourists who had researched the culture of Saudi Arabia and are generally interested in knowing more about its culture, are more satisfied with their visit to the Western region. Survey results also indicate that tourists who had positive social interaction with locals and employees are more satisfied with their decision to visit the Western region. Additionally, tourists who had lower expectations of the Western region are more satisfied with their decision to visit the region than tourists who had higher expectations. Lastly, tourists who spent less are more satisfied.

Implications: Results of the research can aid hoteliers and event managers to assess their current level of services presented to customers and work alongside businesses to improve them and exceed visitors’ expectations.

The evolution of tourism in Saudi Arabia: a study on the Western region

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented in scope. Health-protective behavior and protection against health-risks becomes increasingly important for domestic and international travelers. This paper proposes to tourism planners and stakeholders a comprehensive model to apply to tourism and hospitality research in health-related situations. We combine an extended Health Belief Model (HBM) with animosity research to explain domestic and international travel intentions of experienced travelers. Risk avoidance, self-efficacy in applying protective behavior, perceived severity of COVID-19 and animosity towards China are included in the model.

Design/Methodology/Approach

An online questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 256 international tourists in April 2020.SmartPLS was employed to explore the validity, fit of the proposed research model, andhypothesized paths.

Findings

Findings show that risk avoidance influences willingness to travel domestically and internationally. Animosity increases risk avoidance. Self-efficacy, perceived severity and animosity only partially explain willingness to travel.

Originality/value

Animosity towards Chinese travelers and Chinese travel destinations has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study proposes a model designed to provide a broader conceptualization of travel behavior during a pandemic to explain the possible consequences on both domestic and international travel.

Limitations/Implications

The sample is predominantly young, female and university educated. Thus, results may not be generalizable to the general public. Practitioners benefit from the findings. Actions to protect travelers have to be implemented and marketed in order to attract tourism. Easy to implement measures are especially important for domestic travelers.

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Commercial street art: Opportunities for tourism

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