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In this study, we showed that it is possible to explain the quantum measurement process within the framework of quantum mechanics without any additional postulate. We examined a Stern—Gerlach experiment to explain how the uncertainty relation between position and momentum introduces decoherence prior to measurement. The EPR—Bohm experiment was considered to conclude that the correlation of the EPR pair is not a consequence of instantaneous propagation of the collapse of the wave function. We also referred to its relation to the counterfactual non-definiteness of quantum mechanics. Finally, we showed that our theory can be applied to experiments with continuous eigenvalues, such as the double-slit experiment with electrons. This also illuminates how pure quantum mechanics describes the fact that electrons behave as interfering particles, I.e., particles whose detection rate is consistent with interference.

Quantum 2020

Decoherence as an inherent characteristic of quantum mechanics

uncertainty relation

measurement problem

decoherence

The Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing, in partnership with the Chinese Physical Society (CPS) and the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) are proud to have brought together the international quantum science community online for this inaugural conference.


Early career and leading researchers from universities, industry and government worldwide came together to share, learn and collaborate on the latest research and emerging areas of high interest across quantum science and technology. The broad themes covered by Quantum 2020 included:

Quantum communication;
Quantum computing and quantum simulation;
Quantum sensing, metrology and imaging;
Quantum information theory, software and algorithms;
Quantum foundations;
Quantum technology in industry.
The four-day event featured talks from world-renowned scientists, interactive poster sessions and two exciting panel discussions on the themes of Quantum Technology in Industry and Quantum Technology Programmes Around the World.


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The Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing, in partnership with the Chinese Physical Society (CPS) and the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) are proud to have brought together the international quantum science community online for this inaugural conference.

Early career and leading researchers from universities, industry and government worldwide came together to share, learn and collaborate on the latest research and emerging areas of high interest across quantum science and technology. 

poster

We delve into the problem of the choice of the interaction Hamiltonian in quantum transitions by using the gauge invariant formalism. We demonstrate that the gauge invariant transition amplitudes for the bare-bare transitions, which is the case in the majority of experiments, are identical to the conventional results with the velocity form interaction Hamiltonian. Under the electric dipole approximation, the gauge invariant formalism derives the modified length form interaction Hamiltonian in any gauge. We propose a simple experiment that one can perform to verify our prediction. On the other hand, the gauge invariant transition amplitudes for the dressed-dressed transitions, which is the case in the Lamb shift experiment, are identical to the conventional results with the length form interaction Hamiltonian. There is no preferred gauge in the calculations of transition amplitudes. The present investigation resolves the long-standing versus controversy and clarifies the prevailing misconception in the literature.

Reference
(1) Hsiang-Shun Chou, J. Phys. Commn. 3, 115014 (2019)


Gauge invariant resolution of the A.p versus r.E controversy

The awareness of the relevance of the projectile’s beam coherence effects in ion-atom and ion-molecule collisions has motivated an extensive study on this subject in recent years. The traditional way to compute the fully differential cross section (FDCS) of a reaction describes the incoming beam of projectiles as a purely coherent quantum system, i.e. a plane-wave. Nevertheless, this assumption seems not justified enough when we look at this postulate under the light of the density matrix theory. We describe how the time propagation of an incoherent mixture of an ensemble of massive particles, described by identical wave packets located at different positions upon a much larger region, can eventually develop coherence at a given distance L, and its implications for scattering theory. Furthermore, we show the results of these concepts applied to specific experimental results.

The role of classical uncertainties on the coherence properties of collisions processes

We present optimal schemes, based on photon number measurements, for Gaussian state tomography and for Gaussian process tomography. An n-mode Gaussian state is completely specified by 2n^2 +3n parameters. Our scheme requires exactly 2n^2 +3n distinct photon number measurements to tomograph the state and is therefore optimal. Further, we describe an optimal scheme to characterize Gaussian processes by using coherent state probes and photon number measurements.

Optimal characterization of Gaussian states and Gaussian channels using photon-number- resolving detectors

Quantum key distribution is a pioneering scheme in the quantum cryptography. On the other hand, quantum direct secure communication scheme shows the possibility of transferring the secret information without the need for a secure key. It is known that bell states are extensively employed to achieve bidirectional quantum communication. While most of the quantum communication protocols revolves around the controller, who prepares and shares the bell states with the communicants, recently controller independent bidirectional quantum communication has been proposed [1]. In the proposed scheme, the sender and the receiver become empowered to generate bell states and hence the role of controller becomes insignificant. Further, the protocol is modified so as to use non-maximally entangled states [2]. The protocol is shown to be secure against intercept and resend attack. As the non-maximally entangled states are relatively easy to realize in comparison with maximally entangled states, controller independent protocol becomes physically feasible. 

(1) Mohapatra, A.K., Balakrishnan, S.: Controller-independent bidirectional quantum direct communication. Quantum Inf. Process. 16, 147 (2017)
(2) Akaash, S., Balakrishnan, S.: Controller-independent quantum bidirectional communication using non-maximally entangled states. Quantum Inf. Process. 19, 133 (2020)

The poster is essentially a summary of the results presented in the aforementioned papers. More technical details can be found in the papers.


Insignificant controller in the quantum communication protocols

Understanding what happens to a qubit thrown into a black hole is not an easy task; is the information lost to any outside observer or can it be retrieved by local measurements? This problem boils down to studying the scrambling of information over the event horizon, which draws attention to a general class of problems: scrambling of quantum information. In our work, we study the scrambling properties of quantum systems through the mutual information (MI). To this end, we lower bound the MI by the Out-of- Time-Order Correlators (OTOC) and determine its dynamical properties, relating the MI to thermodynamic quantities such as irreversible entropy production. We then illustrate, through examples, the thermodynamic significance of the MI for quantum information scrambling. Thus, as a main result, we establish a clear link between the MI and the OTOC, which enables us to probe the thermodynamics of quantum information scrambling and opens the door for further studies of the thermodynamics of quantum chaotic systems.

Quantum scrambling and the growth of mutual information

In this work, we analyze the concept of quantum bridge to achieve Quantum Teleportation (QT) and propose two schemes for QT using an Non-Maximally Entangled (NME) channel as a bridge between the sender and the receiver. In the rst scheme, QT is achieved by the application of unitary operator. Here the probability of success does not change even if we interchange the Degree of Entanglement (DoE) of the quantum channels. In the second scheme, generalized Bell basis measurements are utilized to achieve successful QT. Here, successful QT is achieved under two situations: (i) the DoE of channels and measurements are the same, pairwise and (ii) the DoE of the channels are the same, and the DoE of the measurements are the same. We show that quantum channels and the measurements are equivalent in achieving the QT only when the DoE is the maximum.

Quantum Teleportation: A Perspective from the Degree of Entanglement

Indefinite causal order has shown improvements for quantum communication where the channels used along the process are very noisy, thus being able to obtain improved transmission rates. Following such trend, it has also been studied the improvements obtained in teleportation as a genuine communication channel when the entangled resource is imperfect. It induces naturally a Pauli channel well characterized as function of the characteristic parameters of the entangled resource. We show that with more than two channels in superposition of causal order, the fidelity of teleportation improves, despite the probability of stochastic process due to the involvement of post-measurement shows a progressive decrease. In this work, we tackle the problem when two or more channels are applied under indefinite causal order, then analyzing the fidelity thus observing that the probability of successful transmission becomes compromised with the grown of channels. Then, a novel approach with the assistance of a weak measurement is analyzed in order to correct such loss. The weak measurement is aimed to select the best configuration for the channel in order to improve such probability with loss for the fidelity of transmission.

Improving imperfect quantum teleportation with indefinite causal order assisted by post-measurement and weak measurement

Heralded single photons emitted from spontaneous four-wave mixing process in a cold atomic cloud have extremely long coherence time up to microseconds, due to slow light effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The temporal state of these single photons is typically characterized by the photon counting approach. For the first time, we utilize balanced homodyne tomography (BHT) to fully characterize the temporal state. From reconstructing its density matrix, and further verify that the temporal state shaped through EIT window is pure. To further improve the mode matching between the optical field of Anti-Stokes and the local field in BHT, the driving beam of EIT is split from the local field, and frequency shifted using an electric-optic modulator. The characterization of the pure temporal-spectral state of the single photons paves the way for exploiting the temporal-spectral degree of freedom to develop photonic-quantum information processing.

Tomography of the pure temporal state of single photons from a cold atomic ensemble

We study the classical analog of the quantum metric tensor for two well known models in atomic and nuclear physics. First, we analyze the geometry of the parameter space for the Dicke model with the aid of the classical and quantum metrics in the thermodynamic limit and compute their scalar curvatures, finding that they are continuous across the phase transition when there is no resonance, and that they diverge in the same way under resonance. Second, we compute the classical and quantum metrics for the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model in the thermodynamic limit and find a perfect agreement between them. Finally, we complement the analytic results with a finite-size numerical analysis.

Classical and quantum perspectives of the parameter space geometry in the Dicke and Lipkin models

This paper argues that the “Measurement Problem” is foundationally moot, using the abstraction of “Color Guessing Game”. It has been reasoned that the preferred question to ask is, once taken the measurement, what is the certainty that the measured physical state of quantum system is the original intended state governed by absolute laws of nature. The certainty of the measured state |ϕ_k〉 of the physical system with wave function |ψ〉=∑_i〖c_i |ϕ_i〉〗 being the original intended state is given by P(|ϕ_k〉)_certainty=[|c_k |^2/(∑_i|c_i |^2 )]∙[|c_k |^2/(∑_j|c_j |^2 ) ]_measurement, given that the measurement probe’s wave function interaction with |ψ〉 is unknown. It has been argued that measured state’s interactions with other quantum system corresponds to classical reality, which can be changed by the act of measurement.

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