Netherlands

Training workers within a task is one way of enabling novice workers to work on complex crowdsourcing tasks. Based on goal setting theory in psychology, we conduct a randomized experiment to study whether and how setting different goals---including performance goal, learning goal, and behavioral goal---when training workers for a complex crowdsourcing task affects workers&#39; learning perception, learning gain, and post-training performance. We find that setting different goals during training significantly affects workers&#39; learning perception, but overall does not have an effect on learning gain or post-training performance. However, higher levels of learning gain can be obtained when setting learning goals for workers who are highly learning-oriented. Additionally, giving workers a challenging behavioral goal can nudge them to adopt desirable behavior meant to improve learning and performance, though the adoption of such behavior does not lead to as much improvement as when the worker decides to take part in the behavior themselves.

HCOMP 2020

Motivating Novice Crowd Workers through Goal Setting: An Investigation into the Effects on Complex Crowdsourcing Task Training

complex task training

goal setting

randomized experiment

crowdsourcing

The 8th AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing (HCOMP 2020) will be held October 26–28th virtually at The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision in Hilversum, The Netherlands.

While artificial intelligence (AI) and human-computer interaction (HCI) represent traditional mainstays of the conference, HCOMP believes strongly in fostering and promoting broad, interdisciplinary research. Our field is particularly unique in the diversity of disciplines it draws upon and contributes to, including human-centered qualitative studies and HCI design, social computing, artificial intelligence, economics, computational social science, digital humanities, policy, and ethics. We promote the exchange of advances in human computation and crowdsourcing not only among researchers, but also engineers and practitioners, to encourage dialogue across disciplines and communities of practice.

This year, we especially invite works that will generate new insights into the quality (or qualities) of human-annotated datasets, including elements such as reliability and replicability of human computation and crowdsourcing experiments, novel metrics for aggregation of results, and holistic approaches to deal with bias, fairness and interpretability.

HCOMP believes strongly in fostering and promoting broad, interdisciplinary research. Our field is particularly unique in the diversity of disciplines it draws upon and contributes to, including human-centered qualitative studies and HCI design, social computing, artificial intelligence, economics, computational social science, digital humanities, policy, and ethics. 


Training workers within a task is one way of enabling novice workers to work on complex crowdsourcing tasks. Based on goal setting theory in psychology, we conduct a randomized experiment to study whether and how setting different goals---including performance goal, learning goal, and behavioral goal---when training workers for a complex crowdsourcing task affects workers' learning perception, learning gain, and post-training performance. We find that setting different goals during training significantly affects workers' learning perception, but overall does not have an effect on learning gain or post-training performance. However, higher levels of learning gain can be obtained when setting learning goals for workers who are highly learning-oriented. Additionally, giving workers a challenging behavioral goal can nudge them to adopt desirable behavior meant to improve learning and performance, though the adoption of such behavior does not lead to as much improvement as when the worker decides to take part in the behavior themselves.

technical paper

In online crowd mapping, crowd workers recruited through crowdsourcing marketplaces collects geographic data. Compared to traditional mapping methods, where workers physically explore the area, the benefit of using online crowd mapping is the potential to be cost-effective and time-efficient. Previous studies have focused on mapping urban objects using street-level imagery. However, they are specifically aimed at a single type of object, and only through web platforms. To the best of our knowledge, there is still a lack of understanding on how workers perform the mapping tasks through different platforms. Aiming to fill this knowledge gap, we investigate the worker performance across web, mobile, and virtual reality platforms by designing a multi-platform system for mapping urban objects using street-level imagery with novel methods for geo-location estimation. We design a preliminary study to show the feasibility of executing online mapping tasks on three platforms. The result demonstrates that the type of task and execution platform can affect the worker performance in terms of worker accuracy, execution time, user engagement, and cognitive load.

Analyzing Workers Performance in Online Mapping Tasks Across Web, Mobile, and Virtual Reality Platforms

Although crowd work is typically completed through desktop or laptop computers by workers at their home, literature has shown that crowdsourcing is feasible through a wide array of computing devices, including smartphones and digital voice assistants. An integrated crowdsourcing platform that operates across multiple devices could provide greater flexibility to workers, but there is little understanding of crowd workers’ perceptions on uptaking crowd tasks across multiple contexts through such devices. Using a crowdsourcing survey task, we investigate workers’ willingness to accept different types of crowd tasks presented on three device types in different scenarios of varying location, time and social context. Through analysis of over 25,000 responses received from 329 crowd workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk, we show that when tasks are presented on different devices, the task acceptance rate is 80.5% on personal computers, 77.3% on smartphones and 70.7% on digital voice assistants. Our results also show how different contextual factors such as location, social con- text and time influence workers decision to accept a task on a given device. Our findings provide important insights towards the development of effective task assignment mechanisms for cross-device crowd platforms.

How Context Influences Cross-Device Task Acceptance in Crowd Work

Explaining to users why automated systems make certain mistakes is important and challenging. Researchers have proposed ways to automatically produce interpretations for deep neural network models. However, it is unclear how useful these interpretations are in helping users figure out why they are getting an error. If an interpretation effectively explains to users how the underlying deep neural network model works, people who were presented with the interpretation should be better at predicting the model’s outputs than those who were not. This paper presents an investigation on whether or not showing machine-generated visual interpretations helps users understand the incorrectly predicted labels produced by image classifiers. We showed the images and the correct labels to 150 online crowd workers and asked them to select the incorrectly predicted labels with or without showing them the machine-generated visual interpretations. The results demonstrated that displaying the visual interpretations did not increase, but rather decreased, the average guessing accuracy by roughly 10%.

How Useful Are the Machine-Generated Interpretations? A Human Evaluation on Guessing the Wrongly Predicted Labels

In a data labeling process for building machine learning, the choice of labeling data instances is known to have a significant impact on the performance of classifiers. So far, the study of active learning has addressed the issue of how to choose the subset by prioritizing the data instances based on the state of the current classifier. However, the active learning approach has two drawbacks that (i) require a training loop to update the priorities of labeling tasks and (ii) require us to choose a specific active learner while we do not know the optimal classification model. In this paper, we propose a new framework of priority-aware labeling system that allows a parallel task assignment to crowd workers without assuming a particular classifier, which is based on novel methods called ``batch prioritization'' and ``label expansion''. We conducted experiments with multiple datasets to examine the effectiveness of the approach and found that the proposed method improves the performance of the final classifiers more quickly than the active learning approach despite that the labeling tasks can be processed in a fully parallel manner.

Batch Prioritization of Data Labeling Tasks for Training Classifiers

There are many factors that affect the quality of data received
from crowdsourcing, including cognitive biases, varying levels
of expertise, and varying subjective scales. This work
investigates how the elicitation and integration of multiple
modalities of input can enhance the quality of collective estimations.
We create a crowdsourced experiment where participants
are asked to estimate the number of dots within images
in two ways: ordinal (ranking) and cardinal (numerical) estimates.
We run our study with 300 participants and test how
the efficiency of crowdsourced computation is affected when
asking participants to provide ordinal and/or cardinal inputs
and how the accuracy of the aggregated outcome is affected
when using a variety of aggregation methods. First, we find
that more accurate ordinal and cardinal estimations can be
achieved by prompting participants to provide both cardinal
and ordinal information. Second, we present how accurate
collective numerical estimates can be achieved with significantly
fewer people when aggregating individual preferences
using optimization-based consensus aggregation models. Interestingly,
we also find that aggregating cardinal information
may yield more accurate ordinal estimates.

Enhancing Collective Estimates by Aggregating Cardinal and Ordinal Inputs

Recently, Peterson et al. provided evidence of the benefits ofusing probabilistic soft labels generated from crowd annota-tions for training a computer vision model, showing that us-ing such labels maximizes performance of the models overunseen data. In this paper, we generalize these results byshowing that training with soft labels is an effective methodfor using crowd annotations in several otherAItasks besidesthe one studied by Petersonet al., and also when their perfor-mance is compared with that of state-of-the-art methods forlearning from crowdsourced data.

A Case for Soft Loss Functions

The verification of Extended Entity Relationship (EER) diagrams and other conceptual models that capture the design of information systems is crucial to ensure reliable systems. To scale up verification processes to larger groups of experts, Human Computation techniques were used focusing primarily on closed tasks, which constrain the number and variety of reported defects in favour of easy aggregation of derived judgements. To address this limitation of closed tasks, in this paper, we investigate EER verification with open tasks to extend the range of collected results. We also address the challenge of aggregating results of open tasks by proposing a follow-up HC task for defect validation. We evaluate our approach for HC-based EER Verification with open tasks in a set of experiments conducted with junior developers and show that (1) open tasks allow collecting a variety of insights that go beyond a manually built gold standard while still leading to good performance (F1=60%) and (2) HC-based validation can be reliably used for validating the results of open tasks (F1=84% compared to expert validation). 


Verifying Extended Entity Relationship Diagrams with Open Tasks

Image Tagging Algorithms (ITAs) are extensively used in our information ecosystem, from facilitating the retrieval of images in social platforms to learning about users and their preferences. However, audits performed on ITAs have demonstrated that their behaviors often exhibit social biases, especially when analyzing images depicting people. We present OpenTag, a platform that fuses the auditing process with a crowdsourcing approach. Users can upload an image, which is then analyzed by various ITAs, resulting in multiple sets of descriptive tags. With OpenTag, the user can observe and compare the output of multiple ITAs simultaneously, while researchers can study the manner in which users perceive this output. Finally, using the collected data, further audits can be performed on ITAs.

OpenTag: Understanding Human Perceptions of Image Tagging Algorithms

Qualification tests in crowdsourcing are often used to pre-filter workers by measuring their ability in executing microtasks. While creating qualification tests for each task type is considered as a common and reasonable way, this study investigates into its worker-filtering performance when the same qualification test is used across multiple types of tasks. On Amazon Mechanical Turk, we tested the annotation accuracy in six different cases where tasks consisted of two different difficulty levels, arising from the identical real-world domain: four combinatory cases in which the qualification test and the actual task were the same or different from each other, as well as two other cases where workers with Masters Qualification were asked to perform the actual task only. The experimental results demonstrated the two following findings: i) Workers that were assigned to a difficult qualification test scored better annotation accuracy regardless of the difficulty of the actual task; 
ii) Workers with Masters Qualification scored better annotation accuracy on the low-difficulty task but were not as accurate as those who passed a qualification test on the high-difficulty task.

Exploring Effectiveness of Inter-Microtask Qualification Tests in Crowdsourcing

While crowdsourcing provides a convenient solution for tapping into human intelligence, a concern is the bias inherent in the data collected. Events related to the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on people globally, and crowdworkers were no exception. Given the evidence concerning mood and stress on work, we explore how temporal events might affect crowdsourced data. We replicated an image annotation task conducted in 2018, in which workers describe people images. We expected 2020 annotations to contain more references to health, as compared to 2018 data. Overall, we find no evidence that health-related tags were used more often in 2020, but instead we find a significant increase in the use of tags related to weight (e.g., fat, chubby, overweight). This result, coupled with the “stay at home” act in effect in 2020, illustrate how crowdwork is impacted by temporal events.

Motivating Novice Crowd Workers through Goal Setting: An Investigation into the Effects on Complex Crowdsourcing Task Training

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