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We report on three separate cases applying a metric to compare two populations&#39; item response curves (IRCs). Each IRC plots the percentage of students selecting a particular answer choice on an item as a function of their overall score on the concept inventory. First, we compare the IRCs of different demographic groups using data from the Science Literacy Concept Inventory. Next, we use the metric to compare American and Japanese students&#39; IRCs used in Ishimoto, Davenport, and Wittmann (2017) for the Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation. We also compare the IRCs of each group to the IRCs of a separate American data set. Lastly, we compare the pre-instruction IRCs to the post-instruction IRCs for a matched data set of students completing the Force Concept Inventory. The metric is a measure of the IRCs&#39; similarity, and we used it to identify items that may exhibit bias or demonstrate differences between populations.

AAPT SM 21

An approach for comparing student populations using item response curves

comparing populations

item response curves

fmce

**Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics**

As a gateway discipline to STEM majors and careers, physics plays a central role in deciding who does, and who doesn't, get to discover and pursue scientific careers. Technical and scientific professionals are rewarded with economic privilege and status which affords them both social and cultural power. Therefore, social justice will be realized only when the opportunity, and the choice, to excel in physics is open to all students. The culture and practices of the physics classroom reflect the culture of physics at large, which raises the question of how our professional physics communities can embrace, rather than inadvertently repel, a diverse group of academics that can help improve physics culture.  To this end, the 2021 Physics Education Research Conference will focus on defining inclusive spaces and practices. Additionally, we will explore strategies for eliminating exclusionary practices in our classrooms, research spaces, and professional organizations. We call on the community to propose sessions that will drive conversations related to these initiatives throughout PERC 2021.

Please download the full program [here. ](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TRMC_SYJ3PUqXyP7sskA7LRSA8ow0eRE/view?usp=sharing)

PERC SM 21

August 4, 2021 - August 5, 2021 in a Virtual Conference Format

Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics

We report on three separate cases applying a metric to compare two populations' item response curves (IRCs). Each IRC plots the percentage of students selecting a particular answer choice on an item as a function of their overall score on the concept inventory. First, we compare the IRCs of different demographic groups using data from the Science Literacy Concept Inventory. Next, we use the metric to compare American and Japanese students' IRCs used in Ishimoto, Davenport, and Wittmann (2017) for the Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation. We also compare the IRCs of each group to the IRCs of a separate American data set. Lastly, we compare the pre-instruction IRCs to the post-instruction IRCs for a matched data set of students completing the Force Concept Inventory. The metric is a measure of the IRCs' similarity, and we used it to identify items that may exhibit bias or demonstrate differences between populations.

technical paper

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Experiments in optics are amenable to simulation and analysis by first year university physics students in a course including a computational environment. Many may be accomplished safely by remote students using only their mobile phones. I describe several applications including camera calibration and precise 3d location of objects using multiple mobile phone images.

Computational optics in first year university physics

The newly developed second year lab course at Brigham Young University was designed to incorporate explicit instruction on leadership and teamwork. Early implementations, resulted in a mixed response from students with negative responses indicating a perceived lack of alignment to the goals of a physics education. Adjustments made in subsequent semesters resulted in increased buy-in from students and indicated improved student engagement. In addition, faculty support increased. We describe the instructional strategy and feedback and suggest what the results inform us about preparing physics undergrads for 21st-century careers.

Developing leadership and teamwork in labs

We will present the design and performance of a complete measurement of a damped harmonic oscillation with the Pasco Smart Cart. Using the position and force sensors from the cart on a steeply inclined track (about 10 degrees from vertical), we measure the displacement, velocity, acceleration and the restoring force of the oscillator, which is the cart on the end of a spring. The students get a full understanding of these quantities in an oscillation, together with the concepts of period and frequency, both graphically, numerically and analytically. With added weights to the cart, the students can measure the spring constant in the system. By fitting to the reduction in the oscillation amplitude, the students can obtain the attenuation from friction. With one instrument, this new lab provides the students with a full range of training in harmonic oscillation. Measurement results and data analysis will be shown in the presentation.

Complete measurement of a damped harmonic oscillation with the Smart-Cart

Entering 2021, COVID-19 still threatens to require remote laboratoryoperation, and new longer-term solutions need to be developed to forstudents to do this. Many kits have been developed for the introduc-tory level during 2020. However, very little has been developed forthe advanced physics laboratory. We have developed a kit that al-lows advanced lab students to perform a set of mini-experiments usingPYTHON, a Raspberry Pi, Arduinos, and Arduino compatible sen-sors. Students are permitted to take the kit home and only need toprovide a few common items, e.g. a ruler, to perform the experiment.This experiment serves as a nice introduction to microcontrollers.The overarching goal is for students to gain familiarity with the Rasp-berry Pi, Arduino, and it’s sensors by performing basic experimentsinwhich the physics is well known and the students learn how toacquire data with these microcontrollers. Students perform mini-experiments from basic kinematics to determining Planck’s constantand using a Geiger-Mueller counter. Students use analog-to-digitalconverters(ADCs), digit-to-analog converters (DACs), accelerometers,and more complex sensors.We give details on the different mini-experiments that the studentsperform. We also discuss some of the learning outcomes as well as howthe experiment can easily be performed at the university or at home.

A Modern Remotely Operable Arduino Approach for Advanced Physics Laboratory

“Experimental Techniques” is an intermediate laboratory course designed in part to help students decide whether they want to pursue experimental physics. Key to this goal are meaningful opportunities for creative exploration and problem solving which mimic real-world research. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, by building an interferometer at home using inexpensive department-provided materials, students were afforded opportunities for real creativity while proving that changes in optical path length – not just arm length – lead to fringe evolution. Though the physics involved was significantly simpler than in other experiments, students developed a better understanding of optical path length and interferometry while being introduced to instrumentation and some of the fundamental skills used by experimentalists in the lab. Members of the class also gained a meaningful sense of accomplishment and excitement. Consequently, we are now considering implementing this experiment as part of the in-person version of the course.

Less is More: At-Home Interferometry in Undergraduate Laboratory Course

As the interests of science and industry continue to push toward the very small, an understanding of advanced imaging methods has become an increasingly competitive skill for young physicists and optical engineers. Yet many undergraduate curricula have been slow to integrate concepts such as Fourier optics and coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) into their courses. We present a simple and portable experiment that allows students to explore the basic principles of Fourier optics, diffraction, digital signal processing, sampling, and coherent imaging in a take home laboratory kit.

Principles of Fourier optics in a take home undergraduate laboratory

As part of a research project to examine whether students can develop scientific habits of mind through video-based experimentation, we created video-based Investigative Science Learning Environment learning cycles (v-ISLEs), where students investigated phenomena using interactive videos. We implemented these cycles, twice, once in Fall 2018 and again in Spring 2019. We divided a 96-student algebra-based ISLE physics class into sections where some students used only ISLE apparatus-based labs, while some students had a mixture of v-ISLEs and apparatus labs. At the beginning and end of the semester, students answered the E-CLASS, a survey that assesses students’ attitudes about a variety of scientific laboratory practices. We will present how the different lab settings affect students' views about their strategies and habits of mind when doing experiments.

ISLE-based apparatus and video labs: student’s beliefs about experimental physics

One of the goals of physics instruction is to help students develop reasoning skills in the context of physics. As conceptual understanding is required to reason productively, it is necessary to design an instrument that disentangles (to the degree possible) a conceptual understanding from reasoning approaches. To address this challenge, we have been developing sequences of screening-target questions: screening questions probe conceptual understanding, while target questions require students to apply this understanding in situations that present reasoning challenges. We will discuss the validation process involving cluster analysis, logistic regression, and classical test theory item analysis such as item difficulty and discrimination. Current results suggest that most items are appropriate for calculus-based introductory students and are functioning as expected.

Development of an Instrument to Assess Student Reasoning

Distractors (incorrect responses) on research-designed multiple choice instruments like the FCI reflect prevalent student misconceptions. Hence analyzing all student responses on an equal footing should yield information on actual student beliefs, whereas total score only sets a threshold for “Newtonian Thinking”. We developed a Multi-dimensional Nominal Item Response Theory that yields a “weight matrix” acting on a student’s responses to give various dimensions of ability. Analyzing 3 large colleges called State, State University, and University in order of increasing posttest score on the FCI, we find that Dimension 1 correlates with score at the 0.98 level. The weight matrix elements for the second dimension correlate at ~0.73 among these colleges and positive ability#2 represents understanding N’s 3rd but not his 2nd law vs the reverse for negative ability#2. The third dimension shows correlations of ~ 0.4 and we find that this dimension has partially different implications across the colleges.

FCI Higher Dimensions Determined by Analyzing Right and Wrong Responses

The effectiveness of peer review sessions in introductory physics laboratory courses has been measured. To implement the peer review sessions, the laboratory course has been adjusted from twelve somewhat connected experiments to three sets of experiments that all focus on a different concept within introductory physics: linear motion, springs, and collisions. The students prepare a rough draft for the paper for each set, which is then given to other students for them to critique and give feedback. An evaluation protocol to measure a given paper’s effectiveness in multiple aspects has also been developed. Comparing the results to a preliminary study completed multiple years ago, we can see the true effect that the changes to the laboratory class have made.

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Computational optics in first year university physics

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