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The sudden transition to remote instruction left many students struggling to fully engage with courses which had fewer opportunities for meaningful interpersonal interactions. In response, we formed “Learning Pods – online learning communities of small student groups connected through Slack and mentored in collaboration skills. Subsequently, Learning Pods became an organizing structure of the introductory calculus-based mechanics course. Features of the Learning Pod Intervention varied as we scaled up from courses with ~100 students to those with 300-500 students. Based on analysis of student survey questions, we present preliminary indicators of increased student self-efficacy and improved engagement with instructors and peers. Improved self-efficacy and engagement have been correlated with improved success and persistence, especially for students from groups underrepresented in physics. We observe that different implementations increased student self-efficacy to different degrees, and that instructor and TA engagement in mentoring effective collaboration lowered barriers for students’ engagement with TAs.

AAPT SM 21

Facilitating Online Learning Communities in Large-Enrollment Introductory Physics Courses

messaging

mentor

self-efficacy

intervention

remote learning

engagement

community

online learning

collaboration

**Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics**

As a gateway discipline to STEM majors and careers, physics plays a central role in deciding who does, and who doesn't, get to discover and pursue scientific careers. Technical and scientific professionals are rewarded with economic privilege and status which affords them both social and cultural power. Therefore, social justice will be realized only when the opportunity, and the choice, to excel in physics is open to all students. The culture and practices of the physics classroom reflect the culture of physics at large, which raises the question of how our professional physics communities can embrace, rather than inadvertently repel, a diverse group of academics that can help improve physics culture.  To this end, the 2021 Physics Education Research Conference will focus on defining inclusive spaces and practices. Additionally, we will explore strategies for eliminating exclusionary practices in our classrooms, research spaces, and professional organizations. We call on the community to propose sessions that will drive conversations related to these initiatives throughout PERC 2021.

Please download the full program [here. ](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TRMC_SYJ3PUqXyP7sskA7LRSA8ow0eRE/view?usp=sharing)

PERC SM 21

August 4, 2021 - August 5, 2021 in a Virtual Conference Format

Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics

technical paper

Join AAPT and Physics Educators worldwide in developing and strengthening your professional connections by attending the 2021 AAPT Virtual Summer Meeting. AAPT meetings are a great way to reflect on your teaching, recommit to best practices and re-energize your career with new research, products, and techniques.

Listen to internationally known plenary speakers, attend sessions, workshops, and special activities. Attending the virtual summer meeting is an excellent opportunity to share your expertise and learn from and network with leaders in the field.

Please log in with your AAPT account or register for the event if you haven't already.

If you are registered please note that you need to be logged in with your AAPT email / credentials in order to get access.

From our experience teaching the spins-first Paradigms quantum mechanics course, students run into difficulties transitioning from discrete to continuous quantum systems. In computation, continuous structures like wavefunctions are necessarily discretized in order to be used in operations like numerical integration. Because of this feature, we believe that computation may naturally support the transition. Junior-level students at Oregon State University take a computational lab course where they numerically solve quantum mechanics problems by pair-programming in Python. This computational lab course is coordinated with the spins-first Paradigms course. We remotely interviewed six participants at the end of the courses. Participants completed a card-sorting task where they organized twenty cards with a variety of quantum mechanics content and representations. In this talk, we will discuss the ways participants organized this information, the overarching patterns, and the ways that students understand and coordinate discrete and continuous quantum systems.


Computation to Support Understanding of Discrete and Continuous Quantum Systems

In this study I surveyed student’s perceptions regarding the helpfulness of a color-coding scheme for introductory mechanics instructional materials. The use of color and color-coding (presenting corresponding items in different representations in the same color) has been shown to aid student learning through research in psychology and related disciplines, but little has been done to systematically study its effect within physics education. Color-coding was employed in three areas: matching words in physics principles with variables in their corresponding equations, matching equation variables with their corresponding representation in physics diagrams and pictures, and separating components in two-dimensional physics problems. Approximately 40 students over two semesters were anonymously surveyed regarding the perceived benefits and distractions of these three color-coding schemes. Students’ responses were majority positive, and identified the color-coding as helpful in engaging their attention and in identifying, matching, sorting, and tracking new information.

Color-coding and student perceptions of learning in introductory mechanics

Assessments provide opportunities for students to make sense of curriculum by connecting their existing ideas to generate new knowledge. As educators, we would like to be able to engage students in this process of sensemaking to help their learning. Through a case study, we present an approach to identifying assessment task features that facilitate sensemaking. The context involves an introductory student's attempt to a physics problem. We analyze the student's transcript through the lens of sensemaking epistemic game and note the student's actions (`moves') while solving the problem. By analyzing these moves, we argue that the assessment features that played a role in the student's sensemaking can be identified. We find that the presence of a real-world context, engaging with multiple representations, and requiring a physical interpretation of a numerical answer to be instrumental in student's sensemaking. Identifying task features in this way can be instrumental in designing future assessment tasks that increase the chances students engage in sensemaking while working on them.

How modeling informs students’ engagement in sensemaking

Previous literature about students’ understanding of heat and temperature emphasizes students’ misunderstandings of canonical physics concepts. In our study, we used a resources-oriented approach to analyze data from 653 students’ responses to questions about thermal phenomena, highlighting ways in which their responses could serve valuable resources for continued learning. We categorized our findings into three common conceptual resources. These resources can be used to strengthen teaching methods by using students’ understanding of heat and temperature, to foster their learning processes and help them to develop more advanced physics ideas.



Exploring Student Conceptual Resources About Heat and Temperature

Much existing physics education research (PER) on student ideas about momentum focuses on the difficulties that students face when learning this topic. These difficulties are framed as obstacles for students to overcome in order to develop correct understandings of physics. Our research takes a resources-oriented approach to analyzing student responses to momentum questions, viewing student ideas as valuable and potentially productive for learning, over and above their correctness. Here, we highlight four conceptual resources that provide insight into students’ ideas about momentum, which are the conservation resource, direction resource, collisions resource and properties resource These resources are context-dependent and can be elicited and built on by instructors to support students in developing more complex and sophisticated understandings of physics.

Student Resources for Understanding Momentum

This study applies Multidimensional Item Response Theory (MIRT) analysis using confirmatory methods to the Brief Electricity and Magnetism Assessment (BEMA) to explore the assessment's structure and to determine an optimal model of student knowledge measured by the assessment. These methods were used to investigate a large dataset (N=9666) from a research university in the western United States. Confirmatory MIRT analysis fit a theoretical model developed from expert solutions to the instrument and identified two optimal models: an optimal principle model and an optimal topical model. The optimal principle model consisted of 28 principles, fundamental reasoning steps needed to solve items in the BEMA. A second model, the optimal topical model, consisted of five general subtopics of electromagnetism. Both the optimal principle and optimal topical model had excellent fit statistics.


Multidimensional Item Response Theory and the BEMA: Modeling Student Thinking

Building on my presentations in the past, I argue that students can become more grounded in physics by the realization of that multitude of physics equations which can be regarded in terms of the Law of Conservation of Energy or Conservation of Mass. Examples of this are in Kirchhoff's two Laws of Electricity in terms of, respectively, voltage loops which is scaled per charge and current splitting scaled per time. Another set of complementary examples is in fluid dynamics regarding, respectively, Bernoulli's Equation which is scaled per volume and the Continuity Equation scaled per time (see also Poster Session for details). Revisiting these Conservation Laws also underscores their broad importance and aids in student recall and additional application into the future. Examples of potential confusions and pitfalls for teachers to be aware of are given.

Spiraling Conservation of Energy/Mass in Introductory Physics: Kirchhoff to Bernoulli

Parallel Pedagogy Introductory Mechanics, at Cal Poly since 2014 [P.Schwartz, TPT, 55, 280 (2017)]:
• We simultaneously introduce momentum, energy, dynamics, kinematics on the first day;
• build complexity while repeating the process in the following order: rotation, systems, components, trigonometry, the two quadratic kinematics equations;
• require full conceptual support, rather than correct answer, for credit;
• engage students at home with interactive videos and textbook, reserving class time for group work, demonstrations, discussion;
• while learning assistants model learning process, stimulate conversation.
After 16 classes, >900 students.
• Most students prefer this method.
• CLASS (Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey, http://www.colorado.edu/ sei/class/) results indicate improvement – especially applied conceptual understanding.
• Students demonstrate superior concept application (Pedagogy Changes Can Improve Concept Application, O.Staveland, P.Schwartz, TPT, submitted)
• Using publicly-available text and interactive videos, a first-time mechanics instructor seamlessly and successfully adopted parallel pedagogy.
Support: http://sharedcurriculum.peteschwartz.net/parallel-pedagogy/ 
As soon as it publishes, please see:
"Pedagogy Changes Can Improve Concept Application" O. Staveland, P. Schwartz, The Physics Teacher, in press


Parallel Pedagogy: Seven Years, and 1000 Students Later

I will speak briefly about why I like the approach of parallel pedagogy, then provide a link to a Perusall(R) course that I have set up just for the meeting, populated with some or all of the OER textbook I’m using for my introductory physics classes. I’ll highlight the format of the book and explain the motivation behind the formatting. Then I will share examples of student work that follow the pattern of analysis used in the book. I will also show how I use Perusall(R) for asynchronous interactions and myOpenMath for immediate feedback to students.

Using OER materials, Perusall(R), and myOpenMath with Parallel Pedagogy

Computer simulations have been used to support student learning in physics, not only to boost conceptual understanding but to make labs more widely accessible to different populations. However, their impact on student learning has shown mixed results. To better understand this impact, HTML5-based computer simulations for topics in mechanics were investigated in a large, algebra-based, studio physics course for life science students at a private, research-intensive institution. Over a period of three years, we compared learning outcomes of students using traditional hands-on equipment only, a simulation only, or a hybrid combination of both for activities on energy, momentum, simple harmonic motion, and rotational dynamics. We will present our findings of this study through an equity lens, both from the experience of online learning due to the global pandemic and from consideration of the limited access to lab equipment for many students.

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Computation to Support Understanding of Discrete and Continuous Quantum Systems

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