United States

Fan input and support is an important component in many individual and team sports, ranging from athletics to basketball. Audience interaction provides a consistent impact on the athletes’ performance. The analysis of the crowd noise can provide a global indication on the ongoing game situation, less conditioned by subjective factors that can influence a single fan. In this work, we exploit the collective intelligence of the audience of a robot soccer match to improve the performance of the robot players. In particular, audio features extracted from the crowd noise are used in a Reinforcement Learning process to possibly modify the game strategy. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by experiments on registered crowd noise samples from several past RoboCup SPL matches.

RoboCup 2021

Learning from the Crowd: Improving the Decision Making Process in Robot Soccer using the Audience Noise

sound recognition.

robocup spl

crowd noise interpretation

[![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/21d13e03491d7e9acf6b8c46c7979c25.png)](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1SCDDfkQk7es4J6RULKHVx1RzbB0Mutla--Sle5SVfb0/edit?usp=sharing)

**RoboCup 2021 will be Worldwide!**

We are excited to announce that RoboCup 2021 is a fully remote event with RoboCup competitions and activities taking place all over the world. Everyone is invited to participate in, or observe, the [competition leagues](https://2021.robocup.org/leagues) and the [symposium](https://2021.robocup.org/symposium)!

**RoboCup Symposium**

The 24th RoboCup International Symposium will be held in conjunction with RoboCup 2021 in a purely online setting. Scientific papers will be presented reporting innovative, original research with relevance to robotics and artificial intelligence. Within the described scope of topics we also encouraged submissions of high-quality overview articles, papers describing real-world research, and papers reporting theoretical results. In addition to the main track with regular research papers, there will be a special track focused on systems, data, and benchmarks featuring papers describing novel, open-source hardware and software systems, as well as datasets and benchmarks relevant to the community. In addition to research paper presentations, the RoboCup Symposium 2021 includes keynote talks by Dieter Fox, Jean-Paul Laumond, and Stefanie Tellex, and several interactive sessions.

**RoboCup Introduction Video**
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You need to be registered to explore this event!

The 24th RoboCup International Symposium will be held in conjunction with RoboCup 2021 in a purely online setting. Scientific papers will be presented reporting innovative, original research with relevance to robotics and artificial intelligence. Within the described scope of topics we also encouraged submissions of high-quality overview articles, papers describing real-world research, and papers reporting theoretical results. In addition to the main track with regular research papers, there will be a special track focused on systems, data, and benchmarks featuring papers describing novel, open-source hardware and software systems, as well as datasets and benchmarks relevant to the community. In addition to research paper presentations, the RoboCup Symposium 2021 includes keynote talks by Dieter Fox, Jean-Paul Laumond, and Stefanie Tellex, and several interactive sessions.

poster

In this paper, we propose a method for predicting the path of the ball on the soccer field for the humanoid robots. A cost-function-based k-nearest neighbor regression method is first proposed to account for the part of the prediction which is based on previously observed data. Next, the autoregression method is utilized in order to carry out the prediction based on the current ball path. Finally, these two methods are combined to form the final prediction model. Moreover, two different schemes are introduced based upon the proposed model: fixed and adaptive schemes. In fixed scheme, the prediction is made once during the
initial steps of the motion and is used throughout the whole ball movement. However, in adaptive scheme, autoregression method coefficients are updated in fixed predened steps during the motion. This is beneficial to robustify the prediction against an externally applied disturbance on the ball path. Our proposed method is tested by simulation and practical implementation and the results demonstrate a high precision rate.

Ball Path Prediction for Humanoid Robots: Combination of k-NN Regression and Autoregression Methods

Soccer Simulation 2D (SS2D) is a simulation of a real soccer game in two dimensions.
In soccer, passing behavior is an essential action for keeping the ball in possession of our team and creating goal opportunities.
Similarly, for SS2D, predicting the passing behaviors of both opponents and our teammates helps manage resources and score more goals.
Therefore, in this research, we have tried to address the modeling of passing behavior of soccer 2D players using Deep Neural Networks (DNN) and Random Forest (RF).
We propose an embedded data extraction module that can record the decision-making of agents in an online format.
Afterward, we apply four data sorting techniques for training data preparation.
After, we evaluate the trained models' performance playing against 6 top teams of RoboCup 2019 that have distinctive playing strategies. Finally, we examine the importance of different feature groups on the prediction of a passing strategy.
All results in each step of this work prove our suggested methodology's effectiveness and improve the performance of the pass prediction in Soccer Simulation 2D games ranging from 5\% (e.g., playing against the same team) to 10\% (e.g., playing against Robocup top teams).

Engineering Features to Improve Pass Prediction in Soccer Simulation 2D Games

Human support robots (mobile robots able to perform useful domestic manipulative tasks) might be better accepted by people if they can communicate in ways they naturally understand: e.g. speech, but also facial expressions, postures, among others. Subtle (unconscious) mirroring of nonverbal cues during conversations promotes rapport building, essential for good communication. We investigate whether, as in human-human communication, the ability of a robot to mirror its user's head movements and facial expressions in real time can improve the user's experience with it. We describe the technical integration of a Toyota Human Support Robot (HSR) with a facially expressive 3D embodied conversational agent (ECA) (named ECA-HSR). The HSR and the ECA are aware of the user's head movements and facial emotions, and can mirror them, in real time. We then discuss a user study we designed in which participants interacted with ECA-HSR in a simple social dialog task with three conditions: mirroring of user's head movements, mirroring of user's facial emotions, and mirroring of both user's head movements and facial emotions. Our results suggest that interacting with an ECA-HSR that mirrors both the user's head movements and the facial expressions is preferred over the other conditions. Among other insights, the study revealed that the accuracy of open source, real-time recognition of facial expressions of emotion needs improvement for the best user's acceptance.

Towards building rapport with a Human Support Robot

This article aims to present the contributions of the soccer robot project based on RoboCupJunior Soccer Open. The project proposes the 3D modeling of the robot in order to create a virtual version before the physical robot. In the virtual robot, it is implemented the algorithm, are validated the game strategies, and tested the design functionality in the robot structure through the 3D simulation environment. This virtual environment was developed within the parameters of the competition to provide greater consistency and integrity during the simulations, which allows time optimization, project improvement, problem correction and solution implementation before robot construction. The potential of the simulation environment is visible, which can encourage a 3D Simulation modality of Soccer at RoboCupJunior.

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Ball Path Prediction for Humanoid Robots: Combination of k-NN Regression and Autoregression Methods

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