Canada

It has been shown beyond reasonable doubt that about 95% of the total energy budget of the universe is given by the dark constituents, namely Dark Matter and Dark Energy. What constitutes Dark Matter and Dark Energy remains to be satisfactorily understood however, despite a number of promising candidates. An associated conundrum is that of coincidence, as to why the Dark Matter and Dark Energy densities are of the same order of magnitude at the present epoch. In an attempt to address these, we consider a quantum potential resulting from a quantum corrected Raychaudhuri/Friedmann Equation in presence of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of light bosons. For a suitable and physically motivated macroscopic ground state wavefunction of the BEC, we show that a unified picture of the cosmic dark sector can indeed emerge, which also resolves the issue of the coincidence. The effective density of the Dark energy component turns out to be a cosmological constant. Furthermore, comparison with observed data give an estimate of the mass of the constituent bosons in the BEC, which is well within the bounds predicted from other considerations.

CAP Virtual Congress 2021

On the quantum origin of a dark universe

quantum potential

bose einstein condensate

dark energy

quantum gravity

cosmology

dark matter

**WELCOME TO THE 2021 CAP VIRTUAL CONGRESS UNDERLINE PLATFORM**

The CAP staff and our organizing and program committees are pleased to welcome you to our 2021 Congress filled with plenary talks, technical sessions/talks, student presentations and competition sessions, workshops, and several symposia offered by the CAP divisions and its partners.  

You will also have opportunities to network with other delegates through the Gathertown platform accessed by selecting the lounge or posters button on the left.

Registered delegates should use the schedule button to call up the details of the session/event they wish to attend.  Each sessions includes a link to access the online platform where the event is taking place, either within Underline or through other Congress-related Zoom meetings.  

Invited speaker talks are identified with an (I), and student competitors include a (G*) or (U*) to identify graduate or undergraduate presenters.

Please take the time to check out the information about our sponsors and exhibitors, request further information, or leave a note of thanks for their support.

General information about the Congress can be found on the CAP website Congress pages at https://www.cap.ca/congress/2021.

Looking for a specific talk?   A full searchable list is available on our Indico Congress site at https://indico.cern.ch/event/985448/contributions/

We look forward to sharing this exciting week with you!


technical paper

One striking property of the Landau level spectrum of a Weyl semimetal (WSM) is the existence of a chiral Landau level in which the electrons propagate unidirectionnaly along the magnetic field. This linearly dispersive level profoundly influences the optical properties of the WSM especially if it originates from a tilted Weyl cone. In this talk, we compare the behavior of the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) in a WSM with that of a normal (i.e. non-topological) metal. We obtain the Kerr angle from the optical conductivity tensor σ_{αβ}(ω) using the minimal model of a WSM developed in Ref. [1] which has four tilted Weyl nodes related by mirror and time-reversal symmetry. In the Voigt configuration, a large peak of the Kerr angle occurs at the plasmon frequency. We show that the blueshift in frequency of this peak with increasing magnetic field is a signature of the chiral anomaly in the MOKE.

[1] S. Bertrand, Jean-Michel Parent, R. Côté, and I. Garate, Phys. Rev. B 100, 075107 (2019).

Magneto-optical Kerr effect and signature of the chiral anomaly in a Weyl semimetal in magnetic field

Superfluid neutron matter is a key ingredient in the composition of neutron stars. The physics of the inner crust is largely dependent on that of its $S$-wave neutron superfluid which has been connected to pulsar glitches and modifications on the neutron star cooling. An accurate description of these effects calls for a model-independent treatment of neutron superfluidity. Ab initio techniques developed for finite systems can be guided to extrapolate to the thermodynamic limit and attain this model-independent extraction of various quantities of infinite superfluid neutron matter. To develop a well-informed extrapolation prescription, we calculated the neutron $^1S_0$ pairing gap using the model-independent odd-even staggering in the context of the particle-conserving, projected Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory under twisted boundary conditions. While the practice of twisted boundary conditions is standard in solid state physics, and has been used repeatedly in the past to reduce finite-size effects, this is the first time it is employed in the context of pairing. We find that a twist-averaging substantially reduces the finite-size effects, bringing systems with $N>50$ within a $2\%$ error margin from the infinite system. This can significantly reduce extrapolation-related errors in the extraction of superfluid neutron matter quantities.

Superfluid neutrons: from particles to matter

This talk aim to discuss the scattering of particles on quantum superposed states. The fact that one of the initial states is in a superposition implies that the plane wave approximation is not valid anymore which is what we usually do. This will lead to the introduction of Wigner function and a formalism to describe this situation.
We will apply this new formalism to the question of gravitational scattering. The idea will be to put in evidence a quantum effect of gravity due to the superposition. We will compute the cross section and discuss the possibility to observe such a small effect.

Gravitational scattering on quantum superposed states

A state-preserving quantum counting algorithm is used to obtain coefficients of a Lanczos recursion from a single ground state wavefunction on the quantum computer. This is used to compute the continued fraction representation of an interacting Green's function for use in condensed matter, particle physics, and other areas. The wavefunction does not need to be re-prepared at each iteration. The quantum algorithm represents an exponential reduction in memory over known classical methods. An extension of the method to determining the ground state is also discussed.

Lanczos recursion on a quantum computer for the Green's function and ground state

We present a study of the evolution of entanglement entropy of matter and geometry in quantum cosmology. We show that entanglement entropy increases rapidly as the Universe expands, and then saturates to a constant non-zero value. The saturation value of the entropy is a linear function of the energy E associated to the quantum state: S=γE. This result suggests a ‘First Law’ of matter-gravity entanglement entropy in quantum gravity.

Matter-Geometry Entanglement in Quantum Cosmology

Over the last few decades, the study of nuclei and neutron-rich matter from first principles has entered a new era. This has partly been driven by the development of novel interactions between two or three nucleons. In an attempt to produce a systematic expansion, several groups have produced Effective Field Theory (EFT) interactions, whether of finite range (chiral EFT) or zero range (pionless EFT). Pionless EFT has been quite successful in studies of cold-atomic Fermi gases. In this talk, I will present recent Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of 8-particle systems and discuss their impact on 8Be and the physics of alpha clustering. I will also discuss recent work on trying to connect ab initio theory with simpler qualitative pictures. Specifically, I will address the first ever systematic non-perturbative calculations of the single-particle excitation spectrum and of the static response (both for strongly interacting neutron matter). In addition to impacting light and neutron-rich nuclei, this work and this talk also touch upon the physics of ultracold gases and of neutron stars.

From alpha clustering to homogeneous matter

Two-pulse COSY (correlation spectroscopy) EPR (Electron Paramagnetic resonance) sequence, utilized for distance measurements in biological systems using nitroxide biradicals, is investigated both analytically and numerically. The analytical expressions derived here for any orientations of the two nitroxide dipoles with respect to the dipolar axis, oriented at an angle \theta with respect to the magnetic field with respect to the dipolar axis joining the two nitroxide dipoles at the angle, \theta, show that, in general, the coherence transfer from p=0 to the single quantum p=1 state is peaked at the orientation \theta being the magic-angle, {54.7}^\circle, and its supplementary angle, {125.3}^\circle, with a narrow width, implying that there is produced orientational selectivity, by the first \pi/2 pulse. This results in the signal being predominantly determined by those biradicals, whose dipolar axes are at, or near, the magic and its supplementary angle. This is entirely a novel finding, not published in the literature. Furthermore, the analytical treatment shows that the Fourier transforms of the two-pulse COSY signal exhibit peaks at \pm d\times \left(3cos^2\theta-1\right); here d=\frac{2}{3}D, with D being the dipolar-coupling constant.). In addition, there occurs also structural sensitivity of the signal, i.e., its dependence on the orientations of the two nitroxide dipoles during to free evolution over the two coherence states p=+1 and -1. The powder (polycrystalline) averages over the unit sphere, accumulated over 20 sets of Monte-Carlo orientations of the two nitroxide dipole moments reveal that the Pake doublets occur at \pm d. It is concluded that the two-pulse COSY experiment is a preferred technique for distance measurements as compared to other multi-pulse (four, five, six) sequences, as well as two-pulse DQ (double quantum) and five-pulse DQM (double quantum modulation) sequences, because its Pake doublet is the most intense of all the other multi-pulse sequences.

Magic-angle orientation selectivity in two-pulse EPR COSY (correlation spectroscopy) sequence: Distance measurements in biological systems

While Big Bang cosmology successfully explains much of the history of our universe, there are certain features it does not explain, for example the spatial flatness and uniformity of our universe. One widely studied explanation for these features is cosmological inflation. I will discuss the gravitational wave spectra generated by inflaton field configurations oscillating after inflation for E-Model, T-Model, and additional inflationary models. I will show that these gravitational wave spectra provide access to some inflation models beyond the reach of any planned cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments, such as LiteBIRD, Simons Observatory, and CMB-S4. Specifically, while these experiments will be able to resolve a tensor-to-scalar ratio ($r$) down to $10^{-3}$, I show that gravitational wave background measurements have the potential to probe certain inflation models for $r$ values down to $10^{-10}$. Importantly, all the gravitational wave spectra from E- and T-model inflation lie in the MHz-GHz frequency range, motivating development of gravitational wave detectors in this range.

Gravitational Wave Backgrounds from Low Scale Inflation

The CLS2 is a concept design of a next generation synchrotron light source to keep Canada at the forefront of scientific research that is uniquely available to researchers with access to such national infrastructure. Canada's research priorities in health and medicine, agriculture and food security, advance materials and industrial research, will all be enabled with national access to a next generation synchrotron. The CLS has provided critical research for Canada and the world, including covid-19 research that can only be performed on a synchrotron, and all OECD countries are in the process of commissioning, investing in or planning a next generation light source such as CLS2. This presentation of a new concept for a next generation synchrotron is a world leading design with the highest brightness in its class. The Conceptual Design Report currently being written is aimed at the government, industry and scientific community who will be the users of the facility and to engage them in the creation of a Technical Design Report and a project proposal to realise a future light source for Canada beyond the CLS which is approaching end-of-life.

A Next Generation Light Sournce for Canada

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the gold standard for treating patients with cancer in the clinic but, despite modern advances, are limited by normal tissue toxicity. The use of nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs), to improve radiosensitivity and act as drug delivery systems can mitigate toxicity while increasing deposited tumor dose. To expedite a quicker clinical translation, three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid models that can better approximate the tumor environment compared to a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer model have been used. We tested the uptake of 15 nm GNPs and 50 nm GNPs on a monolayer and on spheroids of two cancer cell lines, CAL-27 and HeLa, to evaluate the differences between a 2D and 3D model in similar conditions. The anticancer drug docetaxel (DTX) which can act as a radiosensitizer, was also utilized, informing future potential of GNP-mediated combined therapeutics. The radiosensitization effects on monolayer vs spheroids with the different sized GNPs was also elucidated. In the 2D monolayer model, the addition of DTX induced a small, non-significant increase of uptake of GNPs of approximately 20% while in the 3D spheroid model, DTX increased uptake by between 50% and 200%, with CAL-27 having a much larger increase relative to HeLa. Further, the depth of penetration of 15 nm GNPs over 50 nm GNPs increased for both cancer spheroids. Measurement of the responses to radiation with GNPs yielded a large radiosensitization effect, with more of the cells on the periphery of the spheroid being affected. These results highlight the necessity to optimize GNP treatment conditions in a more realistic tumor-life environment. A 3D spheroid model can capture important details, such as different packing densities from different cancer cell lines and the introduction of an extracellular matrix, which are absent from a simple 2D monolayer model.

Premium content

On the quantum origin of a dark universe

Downloads

Next from CAP Virtual Congress 2021

Magneto-optical Kerr effect and signature of the chiral anomaly in a Weyl semimetal in magnetic field

Similar lecture

Matter-Geometry Entanglement in Quantum Cosmology