United Kingdom

Mechanical quantum systems embedded in an external nonlinear potential currently offer the first deep excursion into non-Gaussian quantum motion. The Gaussian statistics of the motion of a linear mechanical quantum system, characterised by its mass and a linear-and-quadratic potential, possess a limited capacity to reduce noise in nonlinear variables. This limitation induces thresholds for noise reduction in nonlinear variables beyond which linear mechanical oscillators cannot pass. Squeezing below these thresholds is relevant for the implementation of nonlinear mechanical devices, such as sensors, processors or engines. First however, quantum non-Gaussian motion must be identified in experiments with diverse nonlinear potentials. For this purpose, we provide sufficient criteria for quantum non-Gaussian motion based on the observation of mechanical squeezing in nonlinear variables. We further extend these criteria to a hierarchy able to recognise the quantum non-Gaussian motion induced via diverse nonlinear potentials through their capacity to produce nonlinear squeezing. 


Bristol Quantum Information Technologies Workshop

Criteria for Quantum Non-Gaussian Motion

mechanical systems

nonlinearity

quantum non-gaussianity

**BQIT is a three day annual workshop** aimed at enabling leading UK and international academics and industrial partners to come together; to explore and discuss future ambitions and challenges in the field of **Quantum Information Technologies.** Since our conception in 2014 we have had 230 speakers and panellists who have presented their work and opinions on a range of topics, from quantum theory to innovation in industry.


### Welcome Message
The BQIT:21 team welcomes you to the eighth Bristol Quantum Information Technologies workshop! 

Last year was the first time in our workshop's history that we had gone fully virtual. The global circumstances that continue to impact us all professionally and personally have forced BQIT once again to be delivered as an all-virtual workshop for 2021. The access this creates to colleagues across the world who would otherwise be unable to join us, as well as being able to make the workshop free for all attendees due to the lower costs involved in delivering an online workshop, are just a couple of the extraordinary benefits of meeting online. This also means that we can welcome three times as many attendees to BQIT than previous years.   

We take this opportunity to thank each of our speakers and poster presenters for contributing their technical content, this year's sponsors, whose support this year enabled BQIT:21 to be free to all attendees, and to all of our attendees for joining us online this year. We recognise the extra energy required to stay connected and motivated during these difficult times, and are hugely encouraged to see so many of you willing to continue to connect with us on an online platform. 

It is our hope that you have a productive and enjoyable time while you engage and interact with BQIT:21, and to everyone that has helped take BQIT:21 online, thank you! 

**The BQIT board and organisation team **


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### This year's workshop agenda is available here: [Virtual BQIT:21](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QwsSM0ztnxC_lgUKf3TbO3GvnI44AQkY/view?usp=sharing)
For further information, please contact us at: **bqit-admin@bristol.ac.uk**

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poster

Variational Quantum Eigensolvers are subject to active research as applications of near-term quantum computers. Recent work introduced stochastic gradient descent methods for such parametric quantum circuits, but studied their efficiency only on qubit-based architectures.
In this work we present the application of different variants of the stochastic gradient descent method in the continuous-variable framework. In particular, we use stochastic and doubly stochastic gradient descent to find the ground state of a Bose-Hubbard model. We achieve acceptable convergence even with a relatively low number of shots, and sampling about half of the terms of the original Hamiltonian.

Continuous-variable stochastic gradient descent methods applied for
a photonic variational quantum eigensolver

Entanglement creation using parametric down-conversion (PDC) sources has enabled pioneering studies of foundational physics and proof-of-principle demonstrations of quantum information processing techniques. However, typical PDC sources produce unwanted spectral correlations which degrade two-photon interference, introducing errors in the generation of multi-photon states.

Employing domain-engineering techniques to directly modify the non-linear PDC process to significantly suppress unwanted spectral correlation, we remove the need for spectral filtering. With this same technique, we have also demonstrated time-frequency mode entanglement and time-frequency hyper-entanglement.

For the generation of pure telecom photons, the optimisation of parameters that trade-off the non-trivial relationship between non-linearity and indistinguishability enabled us to improve upon previous crystal designs to operate on the achievable limits of domain-engineered PDC. We experimentally measured two-photon interference visibilities of up to 98.6 ± 1.1% between photons generated from two independent sources without filters. As a result, we obtain net heralding efficiencies up to 67.5%, corresponding to overall collection efficiencies exceeding 90%.

With the performance figures presented here, we can produce complex photonic graph states with high rates, allowing for experiments addressing realistic challenges prominent within prospective long-distance quantum networks.

Optimised parametric down-conversion sources for generating telecom graph states

Fibre lasers have become highly prevalent due to their cost, stability and practicality. However, they are inherently noisy and this is a severe limitation when using them for microscopy, spectroscopy or to generate quantum states of light. We have developed a “plug-and-play” module that can be retrofitted to fibre lasers that are already deployed in the field, reducing the optical noise at the laser output down to a fundamental limit of classical physics. 

The SLOW MO project is advancing the commercial readiness of this noise suppression module by identifying potential customers, engineering a robust demonstrator for deployment outside the optics laboratory and fostering relationships with end users willing to take part in trials. This poster will summarise the work done so far in identifying potential applications and suppressing noise in optical systems, bridging the gap between academic research and commercial exploitation of filter modules that allow lasers to operate at the fundamental shot noise limit.

A Shot-Noise Limited Optical Waveguide Module

The limited range of quantum key distribution (QKD) in fiber based systems led to several projects aiming for the development of a satellite based QKD infrastructure. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are a convenient way to implement all necessary optical functions necessary for QKD, while meeting the stringent demands on size, weight and power in satellite missions.

In this work, we present our payload intended for the demonstration of integrated quantum communication technology in space. It is based on two Indium-Phosphide PICs implementing a source for modulated weak coherent states as well as a quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on homodyne measurements of the quantum mechanical vacuum state. The whole system is implemented on a 10 cm x 10 cm PCB including electronics, making it compatible to the CubeSat standard. 

These developments will be tested as a part of the CubeSat mission QUBE, which is scheduled for launch in December 2021.

Integrated photonics for quantum communications on a CubeSat

High-order quantum nonlinearity is an important prerequisite for the advanced quantum technology leading to universal quantum processing with large information capacity of continuous variables.
Levitated optomechanics, a field where motion of dielectric particles is driven by precisely controlled tweezer beams, is capable of attaining the required nonlinearity via engineered potential landscapes of mechanical motion.
Importantly, to achieve nonlinear quantum effects, the evolution caused by the free motion of mechanics and thermal decoherence have to be suppressed.
For this purpose, we devise a method of stroboscopic application of a highly nonlinear potential to a mechanical oscillator that leads to the motional quantum non-Gaussian states exhibiting nonclassical negative Wigner function and squeezing of a nonlinear combination of mechanical quadratures.
We test the method numerically by analysing highly instable cubic potential with relevant experimental parameters of the levitated optomechanics, prove its feasibility within reach, and propose an experimental test.
The method paves a road for unique experiments instantaneously transforming a ground state of mechanical oscillators to applicable nonclassical states by nonlinear optical force.


Stroboscopic high-order nonlinearity for quantum optomechanics

The discrete time crystal (DTC) is a recently discovered out-of-equilibrium phase of matter that spontaneously breaks discrete time-translation symmetry. Experimental observation has proven elusive due to the necessity of disorder-induced many-body localization to stabilize the DTC phase. Here, we observe the hallmark long-lived spatiotemporal order of the DTC phase using a quantum simulation platform based on individually controllable carbon-13 nuclear spins in diamond. The observed subharmonic response is robust for states with different temperatures, distinguishing the DTC phase from the prethermal subharmonic responses attributed to previous experiments. Our results provide the experimental signatures of a new out-of-equilibrium phase of matter and introduce a programmable spin-based quantum simulator for many-body physics.

Many-body-localised discrete time crystal in a programmable spin-based quantum simulator

The second law of thermodynamics allows one to associate the “forward” temporal direction to a positive variation of the total entropy produced in a thermodynamic process, and a negative variation with its “time-reversal” counterpart. Quantum physics admits also superpositions between forward and time-reversal processes, whereby the thermodynamic arrow of time becomes quantum-mechanically undefined. In this work, we demonstrate that a definite thermodynamic time’s arrow can be restored by a quantum measurement of entropy production. Furthermore, for small values (order of plus or minus one), the amplitudes of forward and time-reversal processes can interfere, giving rise to entropy-production distributions featuring a more or less reversible process than either of the two components individually, or any classical mixture thereof.

Quantum superposition of thermodynamic evolutions with opposing time's arrows

Masking of data is a method to protect information by shielding it from a third party, however keeping it usable for further usages like application development, building program extensions to name a few. Whereas it is possible for classical information encoded in composite quantum states to be completely masked from reduced sub-systems, it has to be checked if quantum information can also be masked when the future possibilities of a quantum computer are increasing day by day.
Newly proposed no-masking theorem [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 230501 (2018)], one of the no-go theorems, demands that except for some restricted sets of non-orthogonal states, it's impossible to mask arbitrary quantum states. Here, we explore the possibility of masking in the IBM quantum experience platform by designing the quantum circuits and running them on the 5-qubit quantum computer. We choose two particular states considering both the orthogonal and non-orthogonal basis
states and illustrate their masking through both the theoretical calculation as well as verication in the quantum computer. By quantum state tomography, it is concluded that the experimental results are collected with high fidelity and hence the possibility of masking is realized.

Masking of Quantum Information into Restricted Set of states

Quantum computation using a photonic platform requires fast switches to implement phase control in quantum processing circuits. Two common mechanisms for phase control in silicon photonics are thermo-optic and carrier depletion effects, each with their own advantages and drawbacks. The electro-optic Kerr effect provides an alternative phase-shifting mechanism in silicon that has been demonstrated using telecom wavelengths (Chakraborty, 2020). Here, we present devices with wider active-region waveguides to reduce insertion loss and have the added advantage of lower two-photon loss by using wavelengths in the mid-infrared (Rosenfeld, 2020). We demonstrate electro-optic phase shifts over a 60 nm band in the mid-infrared using devices with novel, wider waveguide geometries greater than or equal to 1 micron in width.

The Electro-Optic Kerr Effect in
the Mid-Infrared using Wide Silicon
Waveguides

This project explores Free Energy based Reinforcement Learning (FERL) with clamped Quantum Boltzmann Machines (QBM) applied to particle beam steering at the Super Proton Synchrotron at the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN). The objective is to study and push the performance of the FERL approach compared to classical RL techniques in terms of sample efficiency. The latter determines the number of interactions required with the environment during agent training and is a highly relevant figure of merit particularly for control of particle accelerator systems. FERL can provide a significant improvement of the learning efficiency as shown in earlier research. Training the QBM, however, requires sampling spin configurations from a Boltzmann distribution which can be efficiently achieved using quantum annealing hardware where the QBM is represented by the pairwise coupled qubits of the QPU. An FERL framework has been developed, including double Q learning and experience replay, as well as allowing for discrete and continuous state spaces. Results obtained from sampling spin configurations with quantum annealing, both simulated and employing D-Wave 2000Q hardware, are discussed and compared to the performance of classical deep Q learning.

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