Morocco

Effective text generation and chat interfaces for low-resource languages (LRLs) remain a challenge for state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) to support. This is mainly due to the difficulty of curating high-quality instruction datasets for LRLs, a limitation prevalent in the languages spoken across the African continent and other regions. Current approaches, such as automated translation and synthetic data generation, frequently yield outputs that lack fluency or even orthographic consistency. In this paper, we introduce InstructLR, a novel framework designed to generate high-quality instruction datasets for LRLs. Our approach integrates LLM-driven text generation with a dual-layer quality filtering mechanism: an automated filtering layer based on retrieval-augmented-generation (RAG)-based n-shot prompting, and a human-in-the-loop validation layer. Drawing inspiration from benchmarks such as MMLU in task definition, InstructLR has facilitated the creation of three multi-domain instruction benchmarks: **ZarmaInstruct-50k**, **BambaraInstruct-50k**, and **FulfuldeInstruct-50k**.

EACL 2026

InstructLR: A Scalable Approach to Create Instruction Dataset for Under-Resourced Languages

instruction dataset

low-resource languages

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workshop paper

#### *Message from the General Chair, Aline Villavicencio*
I’m delighted and honoured to welcome you to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2026), taking place in the beautiful city of Rabat, in Morocco, in March 24-29, 2026. EACL is the flagship European conference of the Association and EACL 2026 proudly continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity. I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers whose dedication, generosity, and tireless efforts have made this conference possible.
For the first time EACL is being hosted in the African continent. This is an important milestone for our community, and we are grateful to our Moroccan hosts for enabling this historic moment by bringing this edition of EACL to Rabat. We are also delighted that the Second Arabic NLP School is co-located with EACL. We hope attendees enjoy this wonderful opportunity to strengthen ties with the Computational Linguistics communities across the African continent. *[Read full message](https://drive.google.com/file/d/14NlmHvwM6fPJuMmOvVh7K0vtQbEyv3SZ/view?usp=sharing)* 

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Welcome to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). EACL 2026 will be held in Rabat, Morocco, from March 24–29, 2026. 

African languages have very little labelled data, and it is unclear if augmenting the quantity of annotation data reliably enhances downstream performance. The study is a systematic sample-size scaling study of natural language inference (NLI) on 16 African languages based on the AfriXNLI benchmark. Under controlled conditions, two multilingual transformer models with roughly 0.6B parameters XLM-R Large fine-tuned on XNLI and AfroXLM-R Large are tested on sample sizes of between 50 and 500 labeled examples and average their results across random subsampling runs. As opposed to the usual belief of monotonic increase with increased data, we find a strongly language-sensitive and often non-monotonic scaling behavior. Some languages show early saturation or decrease in performance with sample size as well as high variance in low resource regimes. These results indicate that the volume of data is not enough to guarantee stable profits to African NLI, creating the necessity of language-sensitive datasets creation and stronger multi-lingual modelling strategies.

Sample-Size Scaling of the African Languages NLI Evaluation

Bilingual Lexicon Induction (BLI) is a valuable tool in machine translation and cross-lingual transfer learning, but it remains challenging for agglutinative and low-resource languages. In this work, we investigate the use of weighted sub-word embeddings in BLI for agglutinative languages. We further evaluate a graph-matching and Procrustes-based BLI approach on two Bantu languages, assessing its effectiveness in a previously underexplored language family. Our results for Swahili with an average P@1 score of $51.84$% for a $3000$ word dictionary demonstrate the success of the approach for Bantu languages. Weighted sub-word embeddings perform competitively on Swahili and outperform word embeddings in our experiments with Zulu.

Using Subword-Embeddings for Bilingual Lexicon Induction in Bantu Languages

Tonogenesis—the historical process by which segmental contrasts evolve into lexical tone—has traditionally been studied through comparative reconstruction and acoustic phonetics. We introduce a computational approach that quantifies the functional role of pitch at different stages of this sound change by measuring how pitch manipulation affects automatic speech recognition (ASR) performance. Through analysis on the sensitivity to pitch-flattening from a set of closely related Tibetan languages, we find evidence of a tonogenesis continuum: atonal Amdo dialects tolerate pitch removal the most, while fully tonal Ü-Tsang varieties show severe degradation, and intermediate Kham dialects fall measurably between these extremes. These gradient effects demonstrate how ASR models implicitly learn the shifting functional load of pitch as languages transition from consonant-based to tone-based lexical contrasts. Our findings show that computational methods can capture fine-grained stages of sound change and suggest that traditional functional load metrics, based solely on minimal pairs, may overestimate pitch dependence in transitional systems where segmental and suprasegmental cues remain phonetically intertwined.

The Tonogenesis Continuum in Tibetan: A Computational Investigation

Small language models (SLMs) offer computationally efficient alternatives to large language models, yet their translation quality for low-resource languages (LRLs) remains severely limited. This work presents the first large-scale evaluation of SLMs across 200 languages, revealing systematic underperformance in LRLs and identifying key sources of linguistic disparity. We show that knowledge distillation from strong teacher models using predominantly monolingual LRL data substantially boosts SLM translation quality—often enabling 2B–3B models to match or surpass systems up to 70B parameters. Our study highlights three core findings: (1) a comprehensive benchmark exposing the limitations of SLMs on 200 languages; (2) evidence that LRL-focused distillation improves translation without inducing catastrophic forgetting, with full-parameter fine-tuning and decoder-only teachers outperforming LoRA and encoder–decoder approaches; and (3) consistent cross-lingual gains demonstrating the scalability and robustness of the method. These results establish an effective, low-cost pathway for improving LRL translation and provide practical guidance for deploying SLMs in truly low-resource settings.

Are Small Language Models the Silver Bullet to Low-Resource Languages Machine Translation?

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) performance degrades significantly in ultra-low resource settings, particularly for endangeredlanguages like Tao (Yami) which lack extensive parallel corpora. This study investigates strategies to bootstrap a Tao-Tagalog translation system using the NLLB-200 (600 million parameter) model under extremely limited supervision. We propose a multi-faceted approach combining domain-specific fine-tuning, synthetic data augmentation, and cross-lingual transfer learning. Specifically, we leverage the phylogenetic proximity of Ivatan, a related Batanic language, to pre-train the model, and utilize dictionary-based generation to construct synthetic conversational data. Our results demonstrate that transfer learning from Ivatan improves translation quality on in-domain religious texts, achieving a BLEU score of 34.85. Conversely, incorporating synthetic data enhances the model’s ability to generalize to conversational contexts, mitigating the domain bias often inherent in religious corpora. These findings highlight the effectiveness of exploiting linguistic typology and structured lexical resources to develop functional NMT systems for under-represented Austronesian languages.

Tao–Filipino Neural Machine Translation: Strategies for Ultra–Low-Resource Settings

In this paper, we propose a text filter designed to support multiple languages. The method simply aggregates vocabulary from a monolingual corpus and compares it against the input. Despite its simplicity, the approach proves highly effective in removing code-mixed text.When combined with existing language identification techniques, our method can enhance the purity of the corpus in the target language. Consequently, applying it to parallel corpora for machine translation has the potential to improve translation quality.Additionally, the proposed method supports the incremental addition of new languages without the need to retrain those already learned. This feature easily enables our method to be applied to low-resource languages.

Text Filter Based on Automatically Acquired Vocabularies for Multilingual Machine Translation

We present a comprehensive evaluation and extension of the LLM-Assisted Rule-Based Machine Translation (LLM-RBMT) paradigm, an approach that combines the strengths of rule-based methods and Large Language Models (LLMs) to support translation in no-resource settings. We present a robust new implementation (the Pipeline Translator) that generalizes the LLM-RBMT approach and enables flexible adaptation to novel constructions. We benchmark it against four alternatives (Builder, Instructions, RAG, and Fine-tuned translators) on a curated dataset of 150 English sentences, and compare them across translation quality and runtime. The Pipeline Translator consistently achieves the best overall performance. The LLM-RBMT methods (Pipeline and Builder) also offer an important advantage: they naturally align with evaluation strategies that prioritize grammaticality and semantic fidelity over surface-form overlap, which is critical for endangered languages where mistranslation carries high risk.

Comparing LLM-Based Translation Approaches for Extremely Low-Resource Languages

We evaluate the capabilities of several small large language models (LLMs) to translate between Italian and six low-resource language varieties from Italy (Friulan, Ligurian, Lombard, Sicilian, Sardinian, and Venetian). Using recent benchmark datasets, such as FLORES+ and OLDI-Seed, we compare prompting and fine-tuning approaches for downstream translation, evaluated with CHRF scores. Our findings confirm that these LLMs struggle to translate into and from these low-resource language varieties. Pretraining and fine-tuning a small LLM did not yield improvements over a zero-shot baseline. These results underscore the need for further NLP research on Italy’s low-resource language varieties. As the digital divide continues to threaten the conservation of this diverse linguistic landscape, greater engagement with speaker communities to create better and more representative datasets is essential to boost the translation performance of current LLMs.

Can LLMs Translate Italy’s Language Varieties?

Integrating domain-specific terminology into Machine Translation systems is a persistent challenge, particularly in low-resource and morphologically-rich scenarios where models lack the robustness to handle imposed constraints. This paper investigates the trade-off between static dictionary-based data augmentation and dynamic inference constraints (Constrained Beam Search). We evaluate these methods on two high-to-low resource language pairs: English-Maltese (Semitic) and English-Slovak (Slavic). Our experiments reveal a dichotomy: while dynamic constraints achieve near-perfect Terminology Insertion Rates (TIR), they drastically degrade translation quality (BLEU) in low-resource settings, breaking the fragile fluency of the model. Conversely, static augmentation improves terminology adherence on unseen terms in Maltese (4% $\rightarrow$ 19%), but fails in the context of a highly inflected language like Slovak. To resolve this conflict, we propose Hybrid Fallback Term Injections, a strategy that prioritizes the fluency of static models while using dynamic constraints as a safety net. This approach recovers up to 90% of missing terms while mitigating the quality degradation of pure constraint approaches, providing a viable solution for high-fidelity translation in data-scarce environments.

Balancing Fluency and Adherence: Hybrid Fallback Term Injection in Low-Resource Terminology Translation

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models for low-resource languages suffer significant performance degradation under domain shift. We quantify this challenge using **Dhao**, an indigenous language of Eastern Indonesia with no digital footprint beyond the New Testament (NT). When applied to the unseen Old Testament (OT), a standard NMT model fine-tuned on the NT drops from an in-domain score of $36.17$ chrF++ to $27.11$ chrF++. To recover this loss, we introduce a **hybrid framework** where a fine-tuned NMT model generates an initial draft, which is then refined by a Large Language Model (LLM) using Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). The final system achieves $35.21$ chrF++ ($+8.10$ recovery), effectively matching the original in-domain quality. Our analysis reveals that this performance is driven primarily by the **number of retrieved examples** rather than the choice of retrieval algorithm. Qualitative analysis confirms the LLM acts as a robust "safety net," repairing severe failures in zero-shot domains.

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Sample-Size Scaling of the African Languages NLI Evaluation

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X-Instruction: Aligning Language Model in Low-resource Languages with Self-curated Cross-lingual Instructions

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Next from EACL 2026

Sample-Size Scaling of the African Languages NLI Evaluation

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X-Instruction: Aligning Language Model in Low-resource Languages with Self-curated Cross-lingual Instructions

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