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We investigated how changing the physical classroom impacted graduate teaching assistant (GTA) and student behaviors in the recitation sections of an introductory algebra-based physics sequence. Using a modified version of the Laboratory Observation Protocol for Undergraduate STEM (LOPUS), we conducted 35 observations over two semesters for seven GTAs who taught in different styles of classrooms (i.e., active learning classrooms and traditional classrooms). We found that both GTAs and students changed behaviors in response to a change from an active learning classroom to a traditional classroom. GTAs were found to be less interactive with student groups and to lecture at the whiteboard more frequently. Correspondingly, student engagement appeared to decrease as students asked fewer questions during one-on-one interactions. We suggest administrators and departments consider the impact of changing to a traditional classroom when implementing student-centered instruction and emphasize how to use classroom space in GTA professional development.

PERC SM 20

Impact of changing physical learning space on GTA and student behaviors

student behavior

gta behavior

learning space

Join us in exploring emergent themes in PER as a scholarly endeavor and as a research community!  Since its inception, PER has served as a confluence of discipline, theory, research methodology, practice, and application.  How have these facets and the interplays among them been fruitful for physics education globally, regionally, locally, or otherwise?  And, how have our successes and interactions influenced the very nature of PER itself?
Following the lead of AAPT for the summer meeting, PERC 20/20 was virtual. Enjoy browsing the content.

Since its inception, PER has served as a confluence of discipline, theory, research methodology, practice, and application.  How have these facets and the interplays among them been fruitful for physics education globally, regionally, locally, or otherwise?  And, how have our successes and interactions influenced the very nature of PER itself?

poster

Groupwork is a seminal facet of many active learning science courses, and it can vary drastically from school to school. In this poster we use a narrative inquiry analysis to characterize the changing group work experience during the process of transferring from a two-year college (TYC) to a four-year college (FYC). We focus on one students experiences with groupwork, and draw on many types of datafieldnotes, interviews, and written journalscollected at both institutions. Specifically, the student describes working on a project in a certain research methods course at the TYC very positively. We contrast that setting with group work in the larger lecture classes at the FYC where students may not experience the same level of instructor support and student-teacher relationships. We explore how these interactions impact how the student experiences groupwork.

Transfer Student’s Narrative of Groupwork Characterized by Research Methods Course

"It is well known that plane waves in electricity and magnetism (E&M) are misunderstood. Particularly, the traditional visual representation of these plane waves is misleading, and students are confused by the waves' three-dimensional nature, which may contribute to difficulties in both polarization and diffraction. A wealth of possible improvements to the representation have been designed by various educators, programmers, and illustrators. A series of three qualitative studies was performed to separate out the visuals that aid in student understanding and to develop guidelines for designing visualizations. Large traveling planes of electric and magnetic field vectors improved student understanding without causing visual difficulties. Therefore, the visualization provided by the URL below is recommended for use as a replacement of the traditional representation in introductory physics course materials. The readers of this work are encouraged to use the visualization and share it with their departments and institutions. 
https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/mbwilson/folder/EMPlaneWaves/program/ElectromagneticPlaneWave"

E&M Plane Wave Visualization Designed for Improved Student Understanding

As education researchers gain a broader understanding of how students learn quantum mechanics, new pedagogical and technical resources are being developed to facilitate student learning. To further research-based knowledge of student learning of quantum mechanics, we present a study on the use of Quantum Composer, a flexible, flow-based tool for the exploration and simulation of quantum mechanical systems in one dimension. To explore Composer's impact on students' knowledge of quantum mechanics, we carried out think-aloud interviews where students worked through an exercise exploring the statics and time-dynamics of quantum states in single and double harmonic well potentials. Student \emph{Outcomes} are then cross-coded with their observed \emph{Interactions} with Composer. We find that defined \emph{Outcomes} of \emph{Recollection}, \emph{Reinforcement} and \emph{Discovery} happen most often when students are using the Composer tools that allow them to visualize quantum states, simulate their time dynamics, and change parameters repeatedly.

Investigating student use of a flexible tool for simulating and visualizing quantum mechanics

This paper reports on a study of long-term effects of the Investigative Science Learning Environment (ISLE) on physics high school students. Students learning physics through the ISLE approach engage in collaborative activities that mirror the practice of physics to construct concepts and apply them to solving practical problems. Previous studies of learning in the ISLE-based classrooms showed that the students develop abilities to design experiments, collect and represent data, communicate and many others. However, there were no follow up studies that would demonstrate that the students remember and use those abilities in their future education and professional careers. We administered a survey to alumni who learned physics in an ISLE-based classroom to find out what they remember many years after taking the course as well as if they find their physics learning useful for future education and careers. We report on the findings from this study.

The Long-Term Effects of Learning in an ISLE Approach Classroom

As part of an effort to examine student understanding and use of mathematical representations in quantum mechanics, clinical interviews were conducted and online surveys were administered to students in an upper-division quantum mechanics course. In one interview task, developed to investigate student understanding of representations for probability concepts, students generated expressions in Dirac notation consistent with quantum mechanical formalism, with a number describing their expressions using geometric, vector-like ideas and concepts. Student responses to a survey intended to probe student understanding of Dirac notation inner products are also discussed, as similar vector-like reasoning was found here as well. The beginnings of a symbolic forms analysis of both data sources is discussed, and some preliminary symbol templates used for Dirac notation are proposed.

Student Use of Dirac Notation to Express Probability Concepts in Quantum Mechanics

Students who take lab courses engage in active, collaborative learning that has the potential to teach scientific thinking skills while also stimulating students' interest in science and developing their self-efficacy. We describe different types of collaboration in terms of the mutuality of engagement they represent, and investigate how these different types of collaboration impacted student interest and self-efficacy in introductory physics labs. We surveyed college physics students about their beliefs and experiences regarding working with a lab partner. We find that when asked explicitly about what they valued in a lab partner, a majority of students noted that they wanted a ``fair split'' of the work. However, we find that students experienced improved physics interest and self-efficacy when they participated equally in all aspects of the lab, such as operating the apparatus and recording the data, which is a different form of mutuality of engagement. This form of participation disproportionately benefited women, a traditionally disadvantaged group in physics labs. Our findings suggest that students' physics interest and self-efficacy might be positively impacted in lab courses that are designed to ensure that students participate equally in all aspects of the lab work, as opposed to lab courses in which students split up their work inequitably.

What Makes a Good Physics Lab Partner?

Computational thinking has been emphasized as a main science and engineering practice in the Next Generation Science Standards. However, learning objectives outlined by the standards are written in vague terms that complicate the implementation and assessment of this topic in the classroom. This is especially problematic for high school teachers who have limited experience with computation and are looking to integrate computational modeling in their physics or physical science classrooms. In this study, we explore the variation in computational thinking practices that physics students demonstrate when working through in-class coding activities. Video data of multiple student groups were collected in one high school teachers physics and physical science classrooms. The data were analyzed to create a codebook that describes the different ways students engage in computational thinking practices. Ultimately, this work will help practitioners better understand how to identify these practices in a high school physics setting.

Video Analysis of Variation in Computational Thinking Practices in Physics (PERC)

What happens to aspiring engineers who do not pass their introductory mechanics class? At UIUC, approximately 11 percent of introductory mechanics engineering students earn a D, F, or W. Just 31 percent of these students go on to earn an engineering degree, compared with the 87 percent of students who pass the course on their first attempt. While most students who perform poorly in their introductory physics class choose a non-engineering major or leave the university altogether, there is a unique subset of initially struggling students who choose to persist in an engineering major. We interviewed engineering seniors in this group to learn about their experiences as engineering students who overcame an initial setback. On this poster, we will share big-picture outcomes for students who retake this fundamental course as well as insights into the difficulties some students face and what resources may help them succeed.

When the Gatekeeper Says No: Mechanics Students' Resilience and Success

Undergraduate students are a critical resource for university-community partnerships designed to provide enriching learning opportunities for students who have limited exposure to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM). University physics departments who offer outreach programs are often dependent upon undergraduate facilitators to run successfully; however, there is minimal research on this population relative to the youth populations for which outreach programs are designed. Our study investigates the experiences and perspectives of women and non-binary undergraduates who supported The STEMinist Program, an afterschool program designed to engage girls and non-binary youth (ages 9-18) in discussions and explorations with female-identifying scientists and engineers. Analysis of interviews from 13 undergraduate facilitators suggest that educational programs designed for youth may be just as valuable for undergraduate facilitators. These findings can be used to inform physics outreach program development and strengthen the potential benefits of program participation for undergraduates as well as youth participants.

Supporting Undergraduate Facilitators to Strengthen Physics Outreach Programs

Earning a bachelor's degree is expensive and time-consuming. Many undergraduate students pursue Advanced Placement (AP) courses in high school or transfer coursework from degree-granting institutions. However, the effect of those transfer courses on the time that it takes students to graduate (time-to-degree) is currently not well understood. We have investigated how incoming transfer courses impact students' time-to-degree by defining three independent groups of transfer students: (1) those entering with college level transfer courses, (2) those with only AP level transfer courses, and (3) those without any transfer credit. The time-to-degree has been shown to be statistically different for each of these groups, with students who enter with college level transfer courses graduating the earliest. We have explored differences in time-to-degree for various demographic information (e.g. gender, race/ethnicity). Cohen's d results suggest disproportionate negative effects on the time-to-degree for women and students of color, in particular. These results provide implications toward how universities advertise graduation in four years, as well as other impacts toward student financial aid such as four-year scholarships.

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Transfer Student’s Narrative of Groupwork Characterized by Research Methods Course

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