Italy

A number of methods based on deep learning have been applied to medical image segmentation and have achieved state-of-the-art performance. Due to the importance of chest x-ray data in studying COVID-19, there is a demand for state-of-the-art models capable of precisely segmenting soft tissue on the chest x-rays. The dataset for exploring the best segmentation model is from Montgomery and Shenzhen hospital which had opened in 2014. The most famous technique is U-Net which has been used for many medical datasets including the Chest X-rays. However, most variant U-Nets mainly focus on the extraction of contextual information and skip connections. There is still a large space for improving the extraction of spatial features. In this paper, we propose a dual encoder fusion U-Net framework for Chest X-rays based on Inception Convolutional Neural Network with dilation, Densely Connected Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network, which is named DEFU-Net. The densely connected recurrent path extends the network deeper for facilitating contextual feature extraction. In order to increase the width of the network and enrich the representation of features, the inception blocks with dilation are adopted. The inception blocks can capture globally and locally spatial information from various receptive fields. At the same time, the two paths are fused by summing features, thus preserving the contextual and spatial information for the decoding part. This multi-learning-scale model is benefiting in the Chest X-ray dataset from two different manufacturers (Montgomery and Shenzhen hospital). The DEFU-Net achieves better performance than basic U-Net, residual U-Net, BCDU-Net, R2U-Net and attention R2U-Net. This model has proved the feasibility for the mixed datasets and approaches state-of-the-art.

ICPR 2020

Dual Encoder Fusion U-Net (DEFU-Net) for Cross-manufacturer Chest X-ray Segmentation

defu-net

lung segmentation

medical imaging

convolutional neural network

u-net

ICPR 2020 is the premier international conference on Pattern Recognition, gathering leading researchers from around the world to present their latest achievements in Pattern Analysis and Recognition, applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The topic of the year is " Putting Artificial intelligence to work on Patterns". 
For the first time, ICPR has employed a two-round review process similar to journal submissions, with new papers allowed to be submitted in either the first or second round and papers submitted in the first round and not accepted allowed to be revised and re-submitted for second round review. 

In this edition of the **ICPR 2020** Conference, there are 1407 Oral/Poster presentations organized in five Tracks: 
- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning for Pattern Analysis; 
- Biometrics, Human Analysis and Behavior Understanding; Computer Vision, Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 
- Document and Media Analysis; and 
- Image and Signal Processing. 

The **ICPR 2020** Main Conference program also includes 7 Keynotes from prominent world-renowned scientists, 8 Tutorials, 28 Demos, 8 Challenges, 2 Panels, as well as an Industry/Sponsor Exhibition. In addition, 41 Workshops on a range of important current and emerging research topics complete the ICPR 2020 program. 


poster

Representing brain activities by networks is very crucial to understand various cognitive states. This study proposes a novel method to estimate static and dynamic brain networks using Kulback-Leibler divergence. The suggested brain networks are based on the probability distributions of voxel intensity values measured by functional Magnetic Resonance Images (fMRI) recorded while the subjects perform a predefined cognitive task, called complex problem solving. We investigate the validity of the estimated brain networks by modeling and analyzing the different phases of complex problem solving process of human brain, namely planning and execution phases. The suggested computational network model is tested by a classification schema using Support Vector Machines. We observe that the network models can successfully discriminate the planning and execution phases of complex problem solving process with more than 90% accuracy, when the estimated dynamic networks, extracted from the fMRI data, are classified by Support Vector Machines.

Estimating Static and Dynamic Brain Networks by Kulback-Leibler Divergence from fMRI Data

The analysis of axillary and supraclavicular lymph nodes is a primary prognostic factor for the staging of breast cancer. However, due to the size of lymph nodes and the low resolution of PET data, their segmentation is challenging. We investigate the relevance of considering axillary and supraclavicular lymph node segmentation from PET/CT images by coupling Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Component-Trees (C-Trees). Building upon the U-Net architecture, we propose a framework that couples a multi-modal U-Net fed with PET and CT, coupled with a hierarchical model obtained from the PET that provides additional high-level region-based features as input channels. Our working hypotheses are twofold. First, we take advantage of both anatomical information from CT for detecting the nodes, and functional information from PET for detecting the pathological ones. Second, we consider region-based attributes extracted from C-Tree analysis of 3D PET/CT images to improve the CNN segmentation. We carried out experiments on a dataset of 240 pathological lymph nodes from 52 patients scans, and compared our outputs with human expert-defined ground-truth, leading to promising results.

Segmentation of Axillary and Supraclavicular Tumoral Lymph Nodes in PET/CT: A Hybrid CNN/Component-Tree Approach

Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disease. Due to a lack of understanding in matter of underlying atrial structures, current treatments are still not satisfying.Recently, with the popularity of deep learning, many segmentation methods based on fully convolutional networks have been proposed to analyze atrial structures, especially from late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. However, two problems still occur: 1) segmentation results include the atrial-like background; 2) boundaries are very hard to segment. Most segmentation approaches design a specific network that mainly focuses on the regions, to the detriment of the boundaries.Therefore, this paper proposes an attention full convolutional network framework based on the ResNet-101 architecture, which focuses on boundaries as much as on regions. The additional attention module is added to have the network pay more attention on regions and then to reduce the impact of the misleading similarity of neighboring tissues. We also use a hybrid loss composed of a region loss and a boundary loss to treat boundaries and regions at the same time. We demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach on the MICCAI 2018 Atrial Segmentation Challenge public dataset.

Do not Treat Boundaries and Regions Differently: An Example on Heart Left Atrial Segmentation

Recently, substantial progress has been made in the area of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) using modern machine learning techniques to decode and interpret brain signals. While Electroencephalography (EEG) has provided a non-invasive method of interfacing with a human brain, the acquired data is often heavily subject and session dependent. This makes seamless incorporation of such data into real-world applications intractable as the subject and session data variance can lead to long and tedious calibration requirements and cross-subject generalisation issues. Focusing on a Steady State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) classification systems, we propose a novel means of generating highly-realistic synthetic EEG data invariant to any subject, session or other environmental conditions. Our approach, entitled the Subject Invariant SSVEP Generative Adversarial Network (SIS-GAN), produces synthetic EEG data from multiple SSVEP classes using a single network. Additionally, by taking advantage of a fixed-weight pre-trained subject classification network, we ensure that our generative model remains agnostic to subject-specific features and thus produces subject-invariant data that can be applied to new previously unseen subjects. Our extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates the efficacy of our synthetic data, leading to superior performance, with improvements of up to 16% in zero-calibration classification tasks when trained using our subject-invariant synthetic EEG signals.

Leveraging Synthetic Subject Invariant EEG Signals for Zero Calibration BCI

We propose a new optimization framework for aleatoric uncertainty estimation in regression problems. Existing methods can quantify the error in the target estimation, but they tend to underestimate it. To obtain the predictive uncertainty inherent in an observation, we propose a new separable formulation for the estimation of a signal and of its uncertainty, avoiding the effect of overfitting. By decoupling target estimation and uncertainty estimation, we also control the balance between signal estimation and uncertainty estimation. We conduct three types of experiments: regression with simulation data, age estimation, and depth estimation. We demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms a state-of-the-art technique for signal and uncertainty estimation.

The Aleatoric Uncertainty Estimation Using a Separate Formulation with Virtual Residuals

Although deeper and larger neural networks have achieved better performance, due to overwhelming burden on computation, they cannot meet the demands of deployment on resource-limited devices. An effective strategy to address this problem is to make use of dynamic inference mechanism, which changes the inference path for different samples at runtime. Existing methods only reduce the depth by skipping an entire specific layer, which may lose important information in this layer. In this paper, we propose a novel method called Dynamic Multi-path Neural Network (DMNN), which provides more topology choices in terms of both width and depth on the fly. For better modelling the inference path selection, we further introduce previous state and object category information to guide the training process. Compared to previous dynamic inference techniques, the proposed method is more flexible and easier to incorporate into most modern network architectures. Experimental results on ImageNet and CIFAR-100 demonstrate the superiority of our method on both efficiency and classification accuracy.

Dynamic Multi-path Neural Network

Human beings not only have the ability to recognize novel unseen classes, but also can incrementally incorporate the new classes to existing knowledge preserved. However, zero- shot learning models assume that all seen classes should be known beforehand, while incremental learning models cannot recognize unseen classes. This paper introduces a novel and challenging task of Incrementally Zero-Shot Detection (IZSD), a practical strategy for both zero-shot learning and class- incremental learning in real-world object detection. An innovative end-to-end model – IZSD-EVer was proposed to tackle this task that requires incrementally detecting new classes and detecting the classes that have never been seen. Specifically, we propose a novel extreme value analyzer to detect objects from old seen, new seen, and unseen classes, simultaneously. Additionally and technically, we propose two innovative losses, i.e., background- foreground mean squared error loss alleviating the extreme imbalance of the background and foreground of images, and projection distance loss aligning the visual space and semantic spaces of old seen classes. Experiments demonstrate the efficacy of our model in detecting objects from both the seen and unseen classes, outperforming the alternative models on Pascal VOC and MSCOCO datasets.

Incrementally Zero-Shot Detection by an Extreme Value Analyzer

Activation functions and attention mechanisms are typically treated as having different purposes and have evolved differently.
However, both concepts can be formulated as a non-linear gating function. 
Inspired by their similarity, we propose a novel type of activation units called attentional activation (ATAC) units as a unification of activation functions and attention mechanisms.
In particular, we propose a local channel attention module for the simultaneous non-linear activation and element-wise feature refinement, which locally aggregates point-wise cross-channel feature contexts.
By replacing the well-known rectified linear units by 
such ATAC units in convolutional networks, we can construct fully attentional networks that perform significantly better with a modest number of additional parameters.
We conducted detailed ablation studies on the ATAC units using several host networks with varying network depths to empirically verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the units.
Furthermore, we compared the performance of the ATAC units against existing activation functions as well as other attention mechanisms on the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet datasets.
Our experimental results show that networks constructed with the proposed ATAC units generally yield performance gains over their competitors given a comparable number of parameters.

Attention as Activation

Given a face image of a recovered child at probe-age, we
search a gallery of missing children with known identities
and gallery-ages at which they were either lost or stolen
in an attempt to unite the recovered child with his family.
We propose a feature aging module that can age-progress
deep face features output by a face matcher to improve the
recognition accuracy of age-separated child face images. In
addition, the feature aging module guides age-progression
in the image space such that synthesized aged gallery faces
can be utilized to further enhance cross-age face matching
accuracy of any commodity face matcher. For time lapses
larger than 10 years (the missing child is recovered after
10 or more years), the proposed age-progression module
improves the rank-1 open-set identification accuracy of
CosFace from 22.91% to 25.04% on a child celebrity dataset,
namely ITWCC. The proposed method also outperforms
state-of-the-art approaches with a rank-1 identification
rate of 95.91%, compared to 94.91%, on a public aging
dataset, FG-NET, and 99.58%, compared to 99.50%, on
CACD-VS. These results suggest that aging face features
enhances the ability to identify young children who are
possible victims of child trafficking or abduction.

Identifying Missing Children: Face Age Progression via Deep Feature Aging

To understand human behavior we must not just recognize individual actions but model possibly complex group activity and interactions. Hierarchical models obtain the best results in group activity recognition but require fine grained individual action annotations at the actor level. We show that, considering only skeletal data, we can train a state-of-the art end-to-end system using only group activity labels at the sequence level.

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Estimating Static and Dynamic Brain Networks by Kulback-Leibler Divergence from fMRI Data

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Dual Encoder Fusion U-Net (DEFU-Net) for Cross-manufacturer Chest X-ray Segmentation