Austria

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable multilingual generalization despite being predominantly trained on English-centric corpora. A fundamental question arises: how do LLMs achieve such robust multilingual capabilities? We take the case of non-Roman script languages, we investigate the role of Romanization—the representation of non-Roman scripts using Roman characters—as a bridge in multilingual processing. Using mechanistic interpretability techniques, we analyze next-token generation and find that intermediate layers frequently represent target words in Romanized form before transitioning to native script, a phenomenon we term Latent Romanization. Further, through activation patching experiments, we demonstrate that LLMs encode semantic concepts similarly across native and Romanized scripts, suggesting a shared underlying representation. Additionally, for translation into non-Roman script languages, our findings reveal that when the target language is in Romanized form, its representations emerge earlier in the model’s layers compared to native script. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of multilingual representation in LLMs and highlight the implicit role of Romanization in facilitating language transfer.

ACL 2025

RomanLens: The Role Of Latent Romanization In Multilinguality In LLMs

romanization

multilinguality

interpretability

It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), held in San Diego, California, USA, July 2–7, 2026. ACL 2026 continues our fields tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.

It is exciting to see the many developments in the field reflected at our conference, such as the advancement of large language models (born out of our community) into many application directions. This is not without challenges, partly due to unsolved problems, and partly due to misuse of the technology. All this is reflected well at ACL 2026. The conference also reflects that the field is not only about advancing technology, but also the science of fundamentally understanding language and how it is use by many different speaker communities. 
[Full Message from General Chair Philipp Koehn](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QiJFOmMjvDgsDo3i1XzlQnImxe3RU_Cy/view?usp=sharing) 
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ACL 2026

The 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026) will take place in San Diego, California, from July 2 - 7, 2026.

poster

### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Message from the General Chair: 
*It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025), held in beautiful Vienna, Austria, from July 27 to August 1, 2025. ACL2025continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.* 
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Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

We introduce LLM-as-an-Interviewer, a novel paradigm for evaluating large language models (LLMs). This approach leverages multi-turn interactions where the LLM interviewer actively provides feedback on responses and poses follow-up questions to the evaluated LLM. At the start of the interview, the LLM interviewer dynamically modifies datasets to generate initial questions, mitigating data contamination. We apply the LLM-as-an-Interviewer framework to evaluate six models on the reasoning, factuality and instruction-following tasks. Our results show that the framework effectively provides insights into LLM performance, including the quality of initial responses, adaptability to feedback, and ability to address follow-up queries like clarification or additional knowledge requests. The framework also addresses key limitations of conventional methods like LLM-as-a-Judge, including verbosity bias and inconsistency across runs. Finally, we propose the Interview Report, which aggregates insights from the interview process, providing examples and a comprehensive analysis of the LLM’s strengths and weaknesses. This report offers a detailed snapshot of the model's real-world applicability.

LLM-as-an-Interviewer: Beyond Static Testing Through Dynamic LLM Evaluation

Regulatory compliance is a cornerstone of trust and accountability in critical sectors like finance, healthcare, and technology, yet its complexity poses significant challenges for organizations worldwide. Recent advances in natural language processing, particularly large language models, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in text analysis and reasoning, offering promising solutions for automating compliance processes. This survey examines the current state of automated compliance, analyzing key challenges and approaches across problem areas. We identify critical limitations in current automated compliance datasets and techniques, including issues of adaptability, completeness, and trust. Looking ahead, we propose research directions to address these challenges, emphasizing standardized evaluation frameworks and balanced human-AI collaboration.

From Complexity to Clarity: AI/NLP's Role in Regulatory Compliance

Research shows that two evaluation experiments reporting results for the same quality criterion name (e.g. Fluency) do not necessarily evaluate the same aspect of quality. Not knowing when two evaluations are comparable in this sense means we currently lack the ability to draw conclusions based on multiple independently conducted evaluations. It is hard to see how this issue can be fully addressed other than by the creation of a standard set of quality criterion names and definitions that the evaluations in use in NLP can be grounded in. Taking a descriptivist approach, the QCET Quality Criteria for Evaluation Taxonomy derives a standard set of quality criterion names and definitions from two surveys of evaluations in NLP, and structures them into a reference taxonomy. We present QCET and its uses in (i) establishing comparability of existing evalua- tions, (ii) guiding the design of new evaluations, and (iii) assessing regulation compliance.

Standard Quality Criteria Derived from Current NLP Evaluations for Guiding Evaluation Design and Grounding Comparability and AI Compliance Assessments

This paper introduces MMRefine, a Multi-Modal Refinement Benchmark designed to evaluate the error refinement capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). As the emphasis shifts toward enhancing reasoning during inference, MMRefine provides a framework that assesses refinement beyond final answer accuracy by categorizing errors into diverse levels. The benchmark evaluates MLLMs' abilities to detect and correct errors across six distinct scenarios. Experiments with various open and closed MLLMs reveal refinement bottlenecks and factors impeding performance, highlighting areas for improvement in effective reasoning enhancement.

MMRefine: Unveiling the Obstacles to Robust Refinement in Multimodal Large Language Models

Several studies have explored the mechanisms of large language models (LLMs) in coding tasks, but most have focused on programming languages (PLs) in a monolingual setting. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between multiple PLs and English in the concept space of LLMs. We perform a few-shot translation task on 21 PL pairs using two Llama-based models. By decoding the embeddings of intermediate layers during this task, we observe that the concept space is closer to English (including PL keywords) and assigns higher probabilities to English tokens in the second half of the middle layers, but not in the top layers. We analyze neuron activations for 11 PLs and English, finding that while language-specific neurons are primarily concentrated in the bottom layers, those exclusive to each PL tend to appear in the top layers. For PLs that are highly aligned with multiple other PLs, identifying language-specific neurons is not feasible. These PLs also tend to have a larger keyword set than other PLs and are closer to the model's concept space regardless of the input/output PL in translation task. Our findings provide insights into how LLMs internally represent PLs, revealing structural patterns in the model's concept space. Code is available at [anon. URL].

How Programming Concepts and Neurons Are Shared in Code Language Models

The rapidly changing nature of real-world information presents challenges for large language models (LLMs), which are typically trained on static datasets. This limitation makes it difficult for LLMs to accurately perform tasks that require up-to-date knowledge, such as time-sensitive question answering (QA). In this paper, we introduce **DynaQuest**, a **Dyna**mic **Quest**ion answering dataset reflecting knowledge updates in the real world. DynaQuest is based on Wikipedia Infoboxes, which are frequently updated to reflect real-world changes. Our dataset is created by automatically identifying and comparing changes between different versions of Wikipedia pages and generating question-answer pairs based on these updates. To address the challenges posed by our dynamic dataset, we propose **CARL**, a **C**ontext-**A**ware **R**einforcement **L**earning framework to improve the performance of LLMs on time-sensitive question answering. We conduct experiments on our collected dataset across recent time periods and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Furthermore, we maintain a dynamic knowledge updating process, providing a periodically evolving benchmark to continually evaluate LLMs' ability to answer time-sensitive questions.

DynaQuest: A Dynamic Question Answering Dataset Reflecting Real-World Knowledge Updates

In-Context Learning (ICL) is a technique by which language models make predictions based on examples provided in their input context. Previously, their context window size imposed a limit on the number of examples that can be shown, making example selection techniques crucial for identifying the maximally effective set of examples. However, the recent advent of Long Context Language Models (LCLMs) has significantly increased the number of examples that can be included in context, raising an important question of whether ICL performance in a many-shot regime is still sensitive to the method of sample selection. To answer this, we revisit these approaches in the context of LCLMs through extensive experiments on 18 datasets spanning 4 tasks. Surprisingly, we observe that sophisticated example selection techniques do not yield significant improvements over a simple random sample selection method. Instead, we discover that the advent of LCLMs has fundamentally shifted the challenge of ICL from that of selecting the most effective examples to that of collecting sufficient examples to fill the context window. Specifically, in certain datasets, including all available examples does not fully utilize the context window; however, by augmenting the examples in context with a simple data augmentation approach, we substantially improve ICL performance by 5%.

Revisiting In-Context Learning with Long Context Language Models

Audiobook interpretations are attracting increasing attention, as they provide accessible and in-depth analyses of books that offer readers practical insights and intellectual inspiration. However, their manual creation process remains time-consuming and resource-intensive. To address this challenge, we propose AI4Reading, a multi-agent collaboration system leveraging large language models (LLMs) and speech synthesis technology to generate podcast-like audiobook interpretations. The system is designed to meet three key objectives: accurate content preservation, enhanced comprehensibility, and a logical narrative structure. To achieve these goals, We develop a framework composed of 11 specialized agents—including topic analysts, case analysts, editors, a narrator, and proofreaders—that work in concert to explore themes, extract real-world cases, refine content organization, and synthesize natural spoken language. By comparing expert interpretations with our system's output, the results show that although AI4Reading still has a gap in speech generation quality, the generated interpretative scripts are simpler and more accurate. The code of AI4Reading is publicly accessible \footnote{https://github.com/9624219/AI4reading}, with a demonstration video available \footnote{https://youtu.be/XCLAsRI9v2k}.

AI4Reading: Chinese Audiobook Interpretation System Based on Multi-Agent Collaboration

High-quality code documentation is crucial for software development especially in the era of AI. However, generating it automatically using Large Language Models (LLMs) remains challenging, as existing approaches often produce incomplete, unhelpful, or factually incorrect outputs. We introduce DocAgent, a novel multi-agent collaborative system using topological code processing for incremental context building. Specialized agents (Reader, Searcher, Writer, Verifier, Orchestrator) then collaboratively generate documentation. We also propose a multi-faceted evaluation framework assessing Completeness, Helpfulness, and Truthfulness. Comprehensive experiments show DocAgent significantly outperforms baselines consistently. Our ablation study confirms the vital role of the topological processing order. DocAgent offers a robust approach for reliable code documentation generation in complex and proprietary repositories.

DocAgent: A Multi-Agent System for Automated Code Documentation Generation

As AI technology advances, it is driving innovation across industries, increasing the demand for scalable AI project deployment. However, deployment remains a critical challenge due to complex environment configurations, dependency conflicts, cross-platform adaptation, and debugging difficulties, which hinder automation and adoption.
This paper introduces AI2Agent, an end-to-end framework that automates AI project deployment through guideline-driven execution, self-adaptive debugging, and case \& solution accumulation. AI2Agent dynamically analyzes deployment challenges, learns from past cases, and iteratively refines its approach, significantly reducing human intervention.
To evaluate its effectiveness, we conducted experiments on 30 AI deployment cases, covering TTS, text-to-image generation, image editing, and other AI applications. Results show that AI2Agent significantly reduces deployment time and improves success rates. The code\footnote{\url{https://github.com/continue-ai-company/AI2Agent}} and demo video\footnote{\url{https://youtu.be/seRTYtwgLrk}} are now publicly accessible.

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LLM-as-an-Interviewer: Beyond Static Testing Through Dynamic LLM Evaluation

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One Script Instead of Hundreds? On Pretraining Romanized Encoder Language Models