Austria

Identifying factors that make ad text attractive is essential for advertising success. This study proposes AdParaphrase v2.0, a dataset for ad text paraphrasing, containing human preference data, to enable the analysis of the linguistic factors and to support the development of methods for generating attractive ad texts. Compared with v1.0, this dataset is 20 times larger, comprising 16,460 ad text paraphrase pairs, each annotated with preference data from ten evaluators, thereby enabling a more comprehensive and reliable analysis. Through the experiments, we identified multiple linguistic features of engaging ad texts that were not observed in v1.0 and explored various methods for generating attractive ad texts. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrated the relationships between human preference and ad performance, and highlighted the potential of reference-free metrics based on large language models for evaluating ad text attractiveness.
The dataset is publicly available at: https://github.com/CyberAgentAILab/AdParaphrase-v2.0.

ACL 2025

AdParaphrase v2.0: Generating Attractive Ad Texts Using a Preference-Annotated Paraphrase Dataset

human preference

ad text generation

paraphrasing

### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
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*- Colin Cherry, Google, NAACL 2025 General Chair* 

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NAACL 2025

Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

poster

### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Message from the General Chair: 
*It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025), held in beautiful Vienna, Austria, from July 27 to August 1, 2025. ACL2025continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.* 
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Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Despite possessing impressive skills, Large Language Models (LLMs) often fail unpre-dictably, demonstrating inconsistent success in even basic common sense reasoning tasks. This unpredictability poses a significant challenge to ensuring their safe deployment, as identifying and operating within a reliable “safe zone” is essential for mitigating risks. To address this, we present PredictaBoard, a novel collabo-rative benchmarking framework designed to evaluate the ability of score predictors (referred to as assessors) to anticipate LLM errors on specific task instances (i.e., prompts) from existing datasets. PredictaBoard evaluates pairs of LLMs and assessors by considering the rejection rate at different tolerance errors. As such, PredictaBoard stimulates research into developing better assessors and making LLMs more predictable, not only with a higher average performance. We conduct illustrative experiments using baseline assessors and state-of-the-art LLMs. PredictaBoard highlights the critical need to evaluate predictability alongside performance, paving the way for safer AI systems where errors are not only minimised but also anticipated and effectively mitigated. Code for our bench-mark can be found at https://github. com/Kinds-of-Intelligence-CFI/PredictaBoard

PredictaBoard: Benchmarking LLM Score Predictability

Grammar serves as a cornerstone in programming languages and software engineering, providing frameworks to define the syntactic space and program structure. Existing research demonstrates the effectiveness of grammar-based code representations in small-scale models, showing their ability to reduce syntax errors and enhance performance. However, as language models scale to the billion level or beyond, syntax-level errors become rare, making it unclear whether grammar information still provides performance benefits. To explore this, we develop a series of billion-scale GrammarCoder models, incorporating grammar rules in the code generation process. Experiments on HumanEval (+) and MBPP (+) demonstrate a notable improvement in code generation accuracy. Further analysis shows that grammar-based representations enhance LLMs' ability to discern subtle code differences, reducing semantic errors caused by minor variations. These findings suggest that grammar-based code representations remain valuable even in billion-scale models, not only by maintaining syntax correctness but also by improving semantic differentiation.

Grammar-Based Code Representation: Is It a Worthy Pursuit for LLMs?

Large Language Models (LLMs) encapsulate a surprising amount of factual world knowledge. 
However, their performance on temporal questions and historical knowledge is limited because they often cannot understand temporal scope and orientation or neglect the temporal aspect altogether.
In this study, we aim to measure precisely how robust LLMs are for question answering based on their ability to process temporal information and perform tasks requiring temporal reasoning and temporal factual knowledge. 
Specifically, we design eight time-sensitive
robustness tests for factual information to check the sensitivity of six popular LLMs in the zero-shot setting.
Overall, we find LLMs lacking temporal robustness, especially to temporal reformulations and the use of different granularities of temporal references. 
We show how a selection of these eight tests can be used automatically to judge a model’s temporal robustness for user questions on the fly. Finally, we apply the findings of this study to improve the temporal QA performance by up to 55\%.

A Study into Investigating Temporal Robustness of LLMs

Recently, LLMs have garnered increasing attention across academic disciplines for their potential as human digital twins, virtual proxies designed to replicate individuals and autonomously perform tasks such as decision-making, problem-solving, and reasoning on their behalf.
However, current evaluations of LLMs primarily emphasize dialogue simulation while overlooking human behavior simulation, which is crucial for digital twins.
To address this gap, we introduce BehaviorChain, the first benchmark for evaluating LLMs' ability to simulate continuous human behavior.
BehaviorChain comprises diverse, high-quality, persona-based behavior chains, totaling 15,846 distinct behaviors across 1,001 unique personas, each with detailed history and profile metadata.
For evaluation, we integrate persona metadata into LLMs and employ them to iteratively infer contextually appropriate behaviors within dynamic scenarios provided by BehaviorChain. Comprehensive evaluation results demonstrated that even state-of-the-art models struggle with accurately simulating continuous human behavior.

How Far are LLMs from Being Our Digital Twins? A Benchmark for Persona-Based Behavior Chain Simulation

Multi-style outline controllable generation is crucial for multiple applications, including document semantic structuring and retrieval-augmented generation. The great success of preference alignment approaches encourages their application in controllable generation tasks. However, these attempts encounter several limitations: (1) response pair requirements, (2) substantial computation costs, and (3) insufficient exploitation of fine-grained preference signals. To address these problems, we propose a token-level preference self-alignment optimization, named TKPO, for outline controllable generation. TKPO extends the Bradley-Terry model from pair-wise to list-wise comparison, which is further applied at the token level for fine-grained preference signal utilization. In comparison to the representative methods, e.g., DPO, TKPO does not require response pairs; instead, we propose a controllable attributes-driven method to construct reject samples for self-alignment. Additionally, TKPO optimizes only the base model, thereby avoiding additional memory usage and substantial computational costs. We curate two outline controllable generation datasets with regard to language style and level-of-detail. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TKPO outperforms DPO by up to 19.28% in performance while requiring only 56.25% in training time. We release the code and datasets resources at https://github.com/WHUIR/TKPO.

Token-level Preference Self-Alignment Optimization for Multi-style Outline Controllable Generation

The most promising recent methods for AI reasoning require applying variants of reinforcement learning (RL) either on rolled out trajectories from the LLMs, even for the step-wise rewards, or large quantities of human-annotated trajectory data. The reliance on the rolled-out trajectory renders the compute cost and time prohibitively high. In particular, the correctness of a reasoning trajectory can typically only be judged at its completion, leading to sparse rewards in RL or requiring expensive synthetic data generation in expert iteration-like methods. In this work, we focus on the Automatic Theorem Proving (ATP) task and propose a novel verifier-in-the-loop design, which, unlike existing approaches that leverage feedback on the entire reasoning trajectory, employs an automated verifier to give intermediate feedback at each step of the reasoning process. Using Lean as the verifier, we empirically show that the step-by-step local verification produces a global improvement in the model's reasoning accuracy and efficiency.

Local Look-Ahead Guidance via Verifier-in-the-Loop for Automated Theorem Proving

Large Language Models (LLMs) store and retrieve vast amounts of factual knowledge acquired during pre-training. Prior research has localized and identified mechanisms behind knowledge recall; however, it has only focused on English monolingual models. The question of how these mechanisms generalize to non-English languages and multilingual LLMs remains unexplored. In this paper, we address this gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of three multilingual LLMs. First, we show that previously identified recall mechanisms in English largely apply to multilingual contexts, with nuances based on language and architecture. Next, through patching intermediate representations, we localize the role of language during recall, finding that subject enrichment is language-independent, while object extraction is language-dependent. Additionally, we discover that the last token representation acts as a Function Vector (FV), encoding both the language of the query and the content to be extracted from the subject. Furthermore, in decoder-only LLMs, FVs compose these two pieces of information in two separate stages. These insights reveal unique mechanisms in multilingual LLMs for recalling information, highlighting the need for new methodologies—such as knowledge evaluation, fact editing, and knowledge acquisition—that are specifically tailored for multilingual LLMs.

How Do Multilingual Language Models Remember Facts?

This paper poses two critical issues in evaluating base models (without post-training): (1) Unstable evaluation during training: in the early stages of pre-training, the models lack the capability to answer questions as required, leading to unstable evaluation results. This instability makes it difficult to provide solid conclusions to guide the training, especially for key experiments such as data ablation and scaling law. (2) Inconsistency between base and instruct models: base models generally exhibit poorer evaluation performance compared to corresponding instruct models. This gap poses a challenge for assessing whether a base model with better evaluation can truly lead to a better instruct model. To address these issues, we propose **B**ase model **O**riented **S**ystematic **E**valuation (**BOSE**), a method specifically designed to optimize the evaluation of base models. Specifically, BOSE introduces two key innovations: In-Context Light-instruction Prompt (**ICLiP**) for open-ended tasks and **Blank-ppl** for multi-choice tasks with candidate options, which transforms the standard perplexity (ppl) metric into a fill-in-the-blank format to mitigate early-stage evaluation fluctuations. Furthermore, we are the first to propose Kendall's rank correlation to quantitatively measure the evaluation stability and consistency. Experimental results demonstrate that BOSE significantly enhances both the stability of evaluations during pre-training and the consistency between base and instruct models, thereby providing more reliable guidance for the LLMs' training.

BOSE: A Systematic Evaluation Method Optimized for Base Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in automating high-labor data tasks, but the adoption of LLMs in high-stake scenarios faces two key challenges: their tendency to answer despite uncertainty and their difficulty handling long input contexts robustly.
We investigate commonly used off-the-shelf LLMs' ability to identify low-confidence outputs for human review through "check set selection"--a process where LLMs prioritize information needing human judgment.
Using a case study on social media monitoring for disaster risk management,
we define the “check set” as a list of tweets escalated to the disaster manager when the LLM has the least confidence, enabling human oversight within budgeted effort.
We test two strategies for LLM check set selection: *individual confidence elicitation* -- LLMs assesses confidence for each tweet classification individually, requiring more prompts with shorter contexts, and *direct set confidence elicitation* -- LLM evaluates confidence for a list of tweet classifications at once, using less prompts but longer contexts.
Our results reveal that set selection via individual probabilities is more reliable but that direct set confidence merits further investigation.
Direct set selection challenges include inconsistent outputs, incorrect check set size, and low inter-annotator agreement. 
Despite these challenges, our approach improves collaborative disaster tweet classification by outperforming random-sample check set selection, demonstrating the potential of human-LLM collaboration.

Evaluating Large Language Models for Confidence-based Check Set Selection

This paper introduces the Balanced Arabic Readability Evaluation Corpus BAREC, a large-scale, fine-grained dataset for Arabic readability assessment. BAREC consists of 68,182 sentences spanning 1+ million words, carefully curated to cover 19 readability levels, from kindergarten to postgraduate comprehension. The corpus balances genre diversity, topical coverage, and target audiences, offering a comprehensive resource for evaluating Arabic text complexity. The corpus was fully manually annotated by a large team of annotators. The average pairwise inter-annotator agreement, measured by Quadratic Weighted Kappa, is 81.3%, reflecting a high level of substantial agreement. Beyond presenting the corpus, we benchmark automatic readability assessment across different granularity levels, comparing a range of techniques. Our results highlight the challenges and opportunities in Arabic readability modeling, demonstrating competitive performance across various methods. To support research and education, we will make BAREC openly available, along with detailed annotation guidelines and benchmark results.

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PredictaBoard: Benchmarking LLM Score Predictability

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AdParaphrase: Paraphrase Dataset for Analyzing Linguistic Features toward Generating Attractive Ad Texts