Italy


Computer vision-based techniques are more and more employed in healthcare and medical fields nowadays, principally, as a support tool to medical staff in order to help them making quick and correct diagnosis. 
One of the hot topics in this arena concerns the automatic classification of skin lesions. Several promising works have been proposed in the last couple of years, mainly leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). However, the proposed pipeline mainly rely on complex data pre-processing and there is no systematic investigation about how available deep models can actually reach the accuracy needed for real applications.
In order to overcome these drawbacks, in this work, an end-to-end pipeline is introduced and some of the most recent Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) architectures are included in it and compared on the largest common benchmark dataset recently introduced. To this aim, for the first time in this application context, a new network design paradigm, namely RegNet, has been exploited to get the best models among a population of configurations. 
The paper introduces a threefold level of contribution and novelty with respect to the literature: the deep investigation of several CNN architectures driving to a consistent improvement of the lesions recognition accuracy, the exploitation of a new network design paradigm able to study the behavior of populations of models and a deep discussion about pros and cons of each analyzed method by paving the path towards new research lines.

ICPR 2020

A Systematic Investigation on Deep Architectures for Automatic Skin Lesions Classification

skin lesion classification

medical image analysis

healthcare

deep learning

ICPR 2020 is the premier international conference on Pattern Recognition, gathering leading researchers from around the world to present their latest achievements in Pattern Analysis and Recognition, applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The topic of the year is " Putting Artificial intelligence to work on Patterns". 
For the first time, ICPR has employed a two-round review process similar to journal submissions, with new papers allowed to be submitted in either the first or second round and papers submitted in the first round and not accepted allowed to be revised and re-submitted for second round review. 

In this edition of the **ICPR 2020** Conference, there are 1407 Oral/Poster presentations organized in five Tracks: 
- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning for Pattern Analysis; 
- Biometrics, Human Analysis and Behavior Understanding; Computer Vision, Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 
- Document and Media Analysis; and 
- Image and Signal Processing. 

The **ICPR 2020** Main Conference program also includes 7 Keynotes from prominent world-renowned scientists, 8 Tutorials, 28 Demos, 8 Challenges, 2 Panels, as well as an Industry/Sponsor Exhibition. In addition, 41 Workshops on a range of important current and emerging research topics complete the ICPR 2020 program. 


poster

In this study we analyzed longitudinal fingerprint data of 20 data subjects, acquired over a time span of up to 12 years. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we aimed to delineate mated similarity scores as a function of fingerprint quality and of the time interval between reference and probe images. Our results did not reveal effects on mated similarity scores caused by an increasing time interval across subjects, but rather individual effects on mated similarity scores. The results are in line with the general assumption that the fingerprint as a biometric characteristic and the features extracted from it do not change over the adult life span. However, it contradicts several related studies that reported noticeable template ageing effects. We discuss why different findings regarding ageing of references in fingerprint recognition systems were made.

Fingerprints, forever young?


We propose a novel method to solve the task of semi-supervised video object segmentation in this paper, where the mask annotation is only given at the first frame of the video sequence. A mask-propagation-based model is applied to learn the past and current information for segmentation. Besides, due to the scarcity of training data, image/mask pairs that model object deformation and shape variance are generated for the training phase. In addition, we generate the key flips between two adjacent frames for motion adaptation. The method works in an end-to-end way, without any online fine-tuning on test videos. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves competitive performance against state-of-the-art algorithms on benchmark datasets, covering cases with single object or multiple objects. We also conduct extensive ablation experiments to analyze the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Learning Object Deformation and Motion Adaption for Semi-Supervised Video Object Segmentation

Deep learning approaches are highly specialized and require training separate models for different tasks. Multi- domain learning looks at ways to learn a multitude of different tasks, each coming from a different domain, at once. The most common approach in multi-domain learning is to form a domain agnostic model, the parameters of which are shared among all domains, and learn a small number of extra domain-specific parameters for each individual new domain. However, different domains come with different levels of difficulty; parameterizing the models of all domains using an augmented version of the domain agnostic model leads to unnecessarily inefficient solutions, especially for easy to solve tasks. We propose an adaptive parameterization approach to deep neural networks for multi- domain learning. The proposed approach performs on par with the original approach while reducing by far the number of parameters, leading to efficient multi-domain learning solutions.

Not all domains are equally complex: Adaptive Multi-Domain Learning

Sepsis presents a significant challenge to healthcare providers during critical care scenarios such as within an intensive care unit. The prognosis of the onset of severe septic shock results in significant increases in mortality rate, length of stay and readmission rates. Continual advancements in health informatics data allows for applications within the machine learning field to predict sepsis onset in a timely manner, allowing for effective preventative intervention of severe septic shock. A novel deep learning application is proposed to provide effective prediction of sepsis onset by up to six hours prior, involving the use of novel concepts such as a boosted cascading training methodology and adjustable margin hinge loss function. The proposed methodology provides statistically significant improvements to that of current machine learning based modelling applications based off the Physionet Computing in Cardiology 2019 challenge. Results show validation F1 scores of 0.420, a significant improvement of 0.281 as compared to the next best challenger results.

Deep Learning Based Sepsis Intervention: The Modelling and Prediction of Severe Sepsis Onset


RGB-Infrared person re-identification (RGB-IR Re-ID) aims to match persons from heterogeneous images captured by visible and thermal cameras, which is of great significance in the surveillance system under poor light conditions. Facing great challenges in complex variances including conventional single-modality and additional inter-modality discrepancies, most of the existing RGB-IR Re-ID methods propose to impose constraints in image level, feature level or a hybrid of both. Despite the better performance of hybrid constraints, they are usually implemented with heavy network architecture. As a matter of fact, previous efforts contribute more as pioneering works in new cross-modal Re-ID area while leaving large space for improvement. This can be mainly attributed to: (a) lack of abundant person image pairs from different modalities for training and (b) scarcity of salient modality-invariant features especially on coarse representations for effective matching. To address these issues, a novel Multi-Scale Part-Aware Cascading framework (MSPAC) is formulated by aggregating multi-scale fine-grained features from part to global in a cascading manner, which results in a unified representation containing rich and enhanced semantic features. Furthermore, a marginal exponential centre (MeCen) loss is introduced to jointly eliminate mixed variances from intra- and inter-modal examples. Cross-modality correlations can thus be efficiently explored on salient features for distinctive modality-invariant feature learning. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms all the state-of-the-art by a large margin.

Multi-Scale Cascading Network with Compact Feature Learning for RGB-Infrared Person Re-Identification

Among the wide variety of image generative models, two models stand out: Variational Auto Encoders (VAE) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). GANs can produce realistic images, but they suffer from mode collapse and do not provide simple ways to get the latent representation of an image. On the other hand, VAEs do not have these problems, but they often generate images less realistic than GANs. In this article, we explain that this lack of realism is partially due to a common underestimation of the natural image manifold dimensionality. To solve this issue we introduce a new framework that combines VAE and GAN in a novel and complementary way to produce an auto-encoding model that keeps VAEs properties while generating images of GAN-quality. We evaluate our approach both qualitatively and quantitatively on five image datasets.

AVAE: Adversarial Variational Auto Encoder

Understanding human behaviors in crowded scenar- ios requires analyzing not only the position of the subjects in space, but also the scene context. Existing approaches mostly rely on the motion history of each pedestrian and model the interactions among people by considering the entire surrounding neighborhood. In our approach, we address the problem of motion prediction by applying coherent group clustering and a global attention mechanism on the LSTM-based Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). The proposed model consists of an attentive group-aware GAN that observes the agents’ past motion and predicts future paths, using (i) a group pooling module to model neighborhood interaction, and (ii) an attention module to specifically focus on hidden states. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposal outperforms state-of-the- art models on common benchmark datasets, and is able to generate socially-acceptable trajectories.

AG-GAN: An Attentive Group-Aware GAN for pedestrian trajectory prediction

Feature-based transfer is one of the most effective methodologies for transfer learning. Existing studies usually assume that the learned new feature representation is truly \emph{domain-invariant}, and thus directly train a transfer model $\mathcal{M}$ on source domain. In this paper, we consider a more realistic scenario where the new feature representation is suboptimal and small divergence still exists across domains. We propose a new learning strategy with a transfer model called Randomized Transferable Machine (RTM). More specifically, we work on source data with the new feature representation learned from existing feature-based transfer methods. The key idea is to enlarge source training data populations by randomly corrupting source data using some noises, and then train a transfer model $\widetilde{\mathcal{M}}$ that performs well on all the corrupted source data populations. In principle, the more corruptions are made, the higher the probability of the target data can be covered by the constructed source populations, and thus better transfer performance can be achieved by $\widetilde{\mathcal{M}}$.
An ideal case is with infinite corruptions, which however is infeasible in reality. We develop a marginalized solution with linear regression model and dropout noise. With a marginalization trick, we can train an RTM that is equivalently to training using infinite source noisy populations without truly conducting any corruption. More importantly, such an RTM has a closed-form solution, which enables very fast and efficient training. Extensive experiments on various real-world transfer tasks show that RTM is a promising transfer model.

Randomized Transferable Machine


In this talk, we present different variants of the self-attention based network for emotion prediction from movies, which is called AttendAffectNet. We take both audio and video into account and incorporate the relation among multiple modalities by applying self-attention mechanism in a novel manner into the extracted features for emotion prediction. We compare it to the typically temporal integration of the self-attention based model, which in our case, allows to capture the relation of temporal representations of the movie while considering the sequential dependencies of emotion responses. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed architectures on the extended COGNIMUSE dataset and the MediaEval 2016 Emotional Impact of Movies Task, which consist of movies with emotion annotations. Our results show that applying the self-attention mechanism on the different audio-visual features, rather than in the time domain, is more effective for emotion prediction. Our approach is also proven to outperform some state-of-the-art models for emotion prediction.


AttendAffectNet: Self-Attention based Networks for Predicting Affective Responses from Movies

In this study, we propose the Ductal Instance-Oriented Pipeline (DIOP) that contains a duct-level instance segmentation model, a tissue-level semantic segmentation model, and three-levels of features for diagnostic classification. Based on recent advancements in instance segmentation and the Mask R-CNN model, our duct-level segmenter tries to identify each ductal individual inside a microscopic image; then, it extracts tissue-level information from the identified ductal instances. Leveraging three levels of information obtained from these ductal instances and also the histopathology image, the proposed DIOP outperforms previous approaches (both feature-based and CNN-based) in all diagnostic tasks; for the four-way classification task, the DIOP achieves comparable performance to general pathologists in this unique dataset. The proposed DIOP only takes a few seconds to run in the inference time, which could be used interactively on most modern computers. More clinical explorations are needed to study the robustness and generalizability of this system in the future.

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A Systematic Investigation on Deep Architectures for Automatic Skin Lesions Classification

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