Italy


This paper provides a comprehensive comparative study of traditional, hybrid, and deep learning (DL) methods for detecting marine species in echograms. Acoustic backscatter data obtained from multi-frequency echosounders is visualized as echograms and typically interpreted by marine biologists via manual or semi-automatic methods, which are time-consuming. Challenges related to automatic echogram interpretation are the variable size and acoustic properties of the biological targets (marine life), along with significant inter-class similarities. Our
study explores and compares three types of approaches that cover the entire range of machine learning methods. Based on our experimental results, we conclude that an end-to-end DL-based framework, that can be readily scaled to accommodate new species, is overall preferable to other learning approaches for echogram interpretation, even when only a limited number of annotated training samples is available.

ICPR 2020

Detecting Marine Species in Echograms via Traditional, Hybrid, and Deep Learning Frameworks

environmental monitoring

object detection

deep learning

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NAML 2021

The annual workshop on Naval Applications of Machine Learning is an opportunity for researchers from Navy research and development centers and our partner organizations to exchange technical ideas and to come together as a team. The goals of NAML are to spread awareness of current machine learning research relevant to Naval applications, to connect machine learning researchers with experts in military requirements and to build and strengthen collaborations within the defense research community.


poster

ICPR 2020 is the premier international conference on Pattern Recognition, gathering leading researchers from around the world to present their latest achievements in Pattern Analysis and Recognition, applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The topic of the year is " Putting Artificial intelligence to work on Patterns". 
For the first time, ICPR has employed a two-round review process similar to journal submissions, with new papers allowed to be submitted in either the first or second round and papers submitted in the first round and not accepted allowed to be revised and re-submitted for second round review. 

In this edition of the **ICPR 2020** Conference, there are 1407 Oral/Poster presentations organized in five Tracks: 
- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning for Pattern Analysis; 
- Biometrics, Human Analysis and Behavior Understanding; Computer Vision, Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 
- Document and Media Analysis; and 
- Image and Signal Processing. 

The **ICPR 2020** Main Conference program also includes 7 Keynotes from prominent world-renowned scientists, 8 Tutorials, 28 Demos, 8 Challenges, 2 Panels, as well as an Industry/Sponsor Exhibition. In addition, 41 Workshops on a range of important current and emerging research topics complete the ICPR 2020 program. 



Layout analysis of historical handwritten documents
is a key pre-processing step in document image analysis that, by
segmenting the image into its homogeneous regions facilitates
subsequent procedures such as optical character recognition and
automatic transcription. Learning-based approaches have shown
promising performances in layout analysis, however, the majority
of them require tedious pixel-wise labelled training data to
achieve generalisation capabilities, this limitation preventing their
application due to the lack of large labelled datasets. This paper
proposes a novel unsupervised representation learning method
for documents’ layout analysis that reduces the need for labelled
data: a sparse autoencoder is first trained in an unsupervised
the manner on a historical text document’s image; representation
of image patches, computed by the sparse encoder, is then used
to classify pixels into various region categories of the document
using a feed-forward neural network. A new training method,
inspired by the ISTA algorithm, is also introduced here to train
the sparse encoder. Experimental results on DIVA-HisDB dataset
demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms previous
approaches based on unsupervised representation learning while
achieving performances comparable to the state-of-the-art fully
supervised methods.

Ancient Document Layout Analysis: Autoencoders meet Sparse Coding


In recent years, deep neural networks have achieved
state-of-the-art performance in a variety of recognition and
segmentation tasks in medical imaging including brain tumor
segmentation. We investigate that segmenting a brain tumor is
facing to the imbalanced data problem where the number of pixels
belonging to the background class (non tumor pixel) is much
larger than the number of pixels belonging to the foreground
class (tumor pixel). To address this problem, we propose a multitask
network which is formed as a cascaded structure. Our model
consists of two targets, i.e., (i) effectively differentiate the brain
tumor regions and (ii) estimate the brain tumor mask. The first
objective is performed by our proposed contextual brain tumor
detection network, which plays a role of an attention gate and
focuses on the region around brain tumor only while ignoring the
far neighbor background which is less correlated to the tumor.
Different from other existing object detection networks which
process every pixel, our contextual brain tumor detection network
only processes contextual regions around ground-truth instances
and this strategy aims at producing meaningful regions proposals.
The second objective is built upon a 3D atrous residual network
and under an encode-decode network in order to effectively segment
both large and small objects (brain tumor). Our 3D atrous
residual network is designed with a skip connection to enables the
gradient from the deep layers to be directly propagated to shallow
layers, thus, features of different depths are preserved and used
for refining each other. In order to incorporate larger contextual
information from volume MRI data, our network utilizes the
3D atrous convolution with various kernel sizes, which enlarges
the receptive field of filters. Our proposed network has been
evaluated on various datasets including BRATS2015, BRATS2017
and BRATS2018 datasets with both validation set and testing
set. Our performance has been benchmarked by both regionbased
metrics and surface-based metrics. We also have conducted
comparisons against state-of-the-art approaches

A Multi-task Contextual Atrous Residual Network for Brain Tumor Detection & Segmentation


Multimedia Forensics experts work consists in providing answers about integrity of a specific media content and from where it comes from. Exploitation of any traces from JPEG double compressed images is often one of the main investigative path to be used for these purposes. Thus it is fundamental to have tools and algorithms able to safely estimate the first quantization matrix to further proceed with camera model identification and related tasks. In this paper, a technique based on extensive simulation is proposed, with the aim to infer the first quantization for a certain numbers of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients exploiting local image statistics without using any a-priori knowledge. The method provides also a reliable confidence value for the estimation which is of great importance for forensic purposes. Experimental results w.r.t. the state-of-the-art demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique both in terms of precision and overall reliability

Computational Data Analysis for First Quantization Estimation on JPEG Double Compressed Images

3D human pose estimation from a single 2D video is an extremely difficult task because computing 3D geometry from 2D images is an ill-posed problem. Recent popular solutions adopt fully-supervised learning strategy, which requires to train a deep network on a large-scale ground truth dataset of 3D poses and 2D images. However, such a large-scale dataset with natural images does not exist, which limits the usability of existing methods. While building a complete 3D dataset is tedious and expensive, abundant 2D in-the-wild data is already publicly available. As a consequence, there is a growing interest in the computer vision community to design efficient techniques that use the unsupervised learning strategy, which does not require any ground truth 3D data. Such methods can be trained with only natural 2D images of humans. In this paper we propose an unsupervised method for estimating 3D human pose in videos. The standard approach for unsupervised learning is to use the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) framework. To improve the performance of 3D human pose estimation in videos, we propose a new GAN network that enforces body consistency over frames in a video. We evaluate the efficiency of our proposed method on a public 3D human body dataset.

Unsupervised 3D Human Pose Estimation in Multi-view-multi-pose Video

This paper proposes a method based on visual motion primitives to address the problem of action understanding. The approach builds in an unsupervised way a dictionary of kinematic primitives from a set of sub-movements obtained by segmenting the velocity profile of an action on the basis of local minima derived directly from the optical flow. The dictionary is then used to describe each sub-movement as a linear combination of atoms using sparse coding. The descriptive capability of the proposed motion representation is experimentally validated on the MoCA dataset, a collection of synchronized multi-view videos and motion capture data of cooking activities. 
The results show that the approach, despite its simplicity, has a good performance in action classification, especially when the motion primitives are combined over time. Also, the method is proved to be tolerant to view point changes, and can thus support cross-view action recognition. 
Overall, the method may be seen as a backbone of a general approach to action understanding, with potential applications in robotics.

Learning dictionaries of kinematic primitives for action classification

Auto encoding models have been extensively studied in recent years. They provide an efficient framework for sample generation, as well as for analysing feature learning. Furthermore, they are efficient in performing interpolations between data-points in semantically meaningful ways. In this paper, we introduce a method for generating sequence samples from auto encoders trained on flattened sequences (e.g video sample from auto encoders trained on single frames); as well as a canonical, dimension independent method for generating stochastic interpolations. The distribution of interpolation paths is represented as the distribution of a bridge process constructed from an artificial random data generating process in the latent space, having the prior distribution as its invariant distribution.

Interpolation in Auto Encoders with Bridge Processes

Event-based cameras record an asynchronous stream of per-pixel brightness changes. As such, they have numerous advantages over the standard frame-based cameras, including high temporal resolution, high dynamic range, and no motion blur. Due to the asynchronous nature, efficient learning of compact representation for event data is challenging. While it remains not explored the extent to which the spatial and temporal event "information" is useful for pattern recognition tasks. In this paper, we focus on single-layer architectures. We analyze the performance of two general problem formulations: the direct and the inverse, for unsupervised feature learning from local event data (local volumes of events described in space-time). We identify and show the main advantages of each approach. Theoretically, we analyze guarantees for an optimal solution, the possibility for asynchronous, parallel parameter update, and computational complexity. We present numerical experiments for object recognition. We evaluate the solution under the direct and the inverse problem and give a comparison with the state-of-the-art methods. Our empirical results highlight the advantages of both approaches for representation learning from event data. We show improvements of up to 9 $\%$ in the recognition accuracy compared to the state-of-the-art methods from the same class of methods.

Unsupervised Feature Learning for Event Data:
Direct vs Inverse Problem Formulation

In this work, we propose a method to simultaneously perform (i) biometric recognition (i.e., identify the individual), and (ii) device recognition, (i.e., identify the device) from a single biometric image, say, a face image, using a one-shot schema. Such a joint recognition scheme can be useful in devices such as smartphones for enhancing security as well as privacy. We propose to automatically learn a joint representation that encapsulates both biometric-specific and sensor-specific features. We evaluate the proposed approach using iris, face and periocular images acquired using near-infrared iris sensors and smartphone cameras. Experiments conducted using 14,451 images from 13 sensors resulted in a rank-1 identification accuracy of upto 99.81% and a verification accuracy of upto 100% at a false match rate of 1%.

One-shot Representational Learning for Joint Biometric and Device Authentication

Deep convolutional neural networks are widely used
to learn feature spaces for image classification tasks. We propose
cam-softmax, a generalisation of the final layer activations and
softmax function, that encourages deep feature spaces to exhibit
high intra-class compactness and high inter-class separability.
We provide an algorithm to automatically adapt the method’s
main hyperparameter so that it gradually diverges from the
standard activations and softmax method during training. We
report experiments using CASIA-Webface, LFW, and YTF face
datasets demonstrating that cam-softmax leads to representations
well suited to open-set face recognition and face pair matching.
Furthermore, we provide empirical evidence that cam-softmax
provides some robustness to class labelling errors in training
data, making it of potential use for deep learning from large
datasets with poorly verified labels.

Cam-softmax for discriminative deep feature learning

We design an interpretable network model by introducing explainable components into a Deep Neural Network (DNN). We substituted the first kernels of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a ResNet-50 with the well-known edge detecting filters such as Sobel, Prewitt, and other filters. Each filters' relative importance scores are measured with a variant of Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) method proposed by Bach et al. Since the effects of the edge detecting filters are well understood, our model provides three different scores to explain individual predictions: the scores with respect to (1) colors, (2) edge filters, and (3) pixels of the image. Our method provides more tools to analyze the predictions by highlighting the location of important edges and colors in the images. Furthermore, the general features of a category can be shown in our scores as well as individual predictions. At the same time, the model does not degrade performances on MNIST, Fruit360, and ImageNet datasets.

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