United States

Conventional roller- or blade-based powder application methods limit the versatility of powder-based additive manufacturing technologies such as Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB). In particular, the restricted multi-material capabilities, the strong dependence on powder flowability and the need to fill the entire build platform with powder are major drawbacks of conventional powder application. Electrophotographic powder application (EPA) has emerged as a promising new technology to overcome these limitations. It utilizes electrostatic interaction forces to selectively attract and repel charged powder particles. This publication demonstrates the potential of EPA-PBF-LB for pharmaceutical 3D printing and applications in medical engineering. Using EPA, tablets containing different active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have for the first time been successfully printed with a CO2 laser without thermal degradation of the APIs. This is an important step towards personalized medicine. It has also been shown that EPA-PBF-LB can be used to precisely functionalize surfaces to provide bactericidal properties. For this purpose, silver-nanocoated polyamide 12 (Ag-PA12) was selectively deposited and consolidated using EPA-PBF-LB. In this way, it was possible to locally achieve bactericidal properties. This can be of great interest for applications in the field of medical engineering or even in everyday life, e.g. on surfaces in public transport or hospitals.

ICALEO 2024

Electrophotographic 3D Printing in Pharmacy and Medical Engineering

medical engineering

pharmacy

electrophotography

powder application

laser powder bed fusion

**General Chair Welcome**

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/d6e6dddc08bf2371b9136ea9c18dc5ab.png)              

Welcome to ICALEO® 2023!
	
We were excited to host the world’s leading international conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics in Chicago. The Laser has been shown to have the potential to revolutionize solutions for major global challenges like energy usage and supply, global warming, and CO2 footprint. Even the fusion energy breakthrough is based on laser technology. The conference, with peer-reviewed scientific and technical presentations, focused on the newest results in Micro Applications, Macro Applications, Additive Manufacturing, Beam Shaping and Frontiers in Laser Applications. Additionally, the Battery-Manufacturing Track gave an overview of the process combined with the newest advances in laser application results. 

The Business Session brought the business aspect and environment of the laser to the audience and the possibility to discuss with seasoned industry leaders from around the world. 

Whether this is the first time you are hearing about ICALEO or you are a longtime attendee, you will find something of interest, new ideas, and an excellent opportunity to network with other laser specialists worldwide. 

**Klaus Löffler **  
ICALEO General Chair   
Managing Director, Precitec GmbH

**What is ICALEO?**

ICALEO® brings together the brightest minds, seasoned professionals, and pioneering researchers from around the world. With a laser-focused agenda, ICALEO offers an exceptional platform to delve into the cutting-edge advancements, diverse applications, and transformative research that define lasers and electro-optics.

Participants will be immersed in a dynamic environment that fosters collaborative learning, networking, and idea exchange. Through engaging plenary presentations, technical sessions, an industry business panel, and networking events, attendees gain insights into the forefront of laser technology. From industrial applications to medical breakthroughs, additive manufacturing to materials processing, ICALEO covers the entire spectrum of laser-related disciplines. Moreover, the event serves as a launching pad for synergistic partnerships, paving the way for professionals to forge connections that shape the future of our industry.

Join us in Chicago and be part of an unparalleled gathering that challenges the boundaries of possibility within lasers and electro-optics. As we convene to share knowledge, explore innovations, and cultivate collaborations, ICALEO stands as a pivotal force driving the evolution of this transformative technology.

**Who attended?**

ICALEO is tailor-made for professionals, researchers, academics, and enthusiasts who are deeply passionate about the world of lasers and electro-optics. If you're an industry trailblazer, an academic luminary, an aspiring expert, or a postgraduate student looking to dive into the latest developments and trends, this is an event you won't want to miss.

Industrial leaders seeking to stay ahead of the curve in their fields, engineers working on laser applications, and manufacturing experts interested in additive manufacturing and materials processing will find ICALEO to be an invaluable platform. Researchers and scientists exploring the forefront of laser technology, from fundamental principles to groundbreaking applications, will also discover a wealth of knowledge and networking opportunities.

Medical professionals investigating laser-based medical advancements, entrepreneurs seeking to innovate with lasers, educators aiming to stay updated with the latest in laser education, and policy makers shaping the industry's landscape are all essential attendees. Whether you're an established expert or a rising star, the 42nd annual ICALEO promises to offer a diverse ecosystem of expertise, connections, and knowledge sharing that caters to the laser and electro-optics communities.

**Fields Represented:**

* Entrepreneurs and Innovators
* Manufacturing Experts
* Students and Graduates
* Policy Makers and Regulators
* Consultants and Advisors
* Technology Enthusiasts
* Suppliers and Manufacturers
* Startups and Innovators
* Researchers in Laser Education

**[View All Proceedings Here](https://icaleo.conferencespot.org/event-data)**

### **Program Tracks & Chairs**

To access the site please register [**here**](https://icaleo.org/attend). 

Please register for the ICALEO 2023 Conference to join the event.

ICALEO 2023

ICALEO® brings together the brightest minds, seasoned professionals, and pioneering researchers from around the world. With a laser-focused agenda, ICALEO offers an exceptional platform to delve into the cutting-edge advancements, diverse applications, and transformative research that define lasers and electro-optics.

technical paper

  #### Welcome to the 43rd annual ICALEO!

Attention laser enthusiasts, innovators, and industry leaders! Get ready to immerse yourself in the exciting world of lasers at the 43rd annual ICALEO conference. This year, we gathered in the iconic city of Hollywood, California, for cutting-edge technology, groundbreaking presentations, and unparalleled networking opportunities.
Whether you're a seasoned professional or new to the field of photonics, the 43rd annual ICALEO had something for everyone. 

#### General Chair Welcome Message

It is with immense joy and anticipation that I extend a warm welcome to each and every one of you as the General Chair of this year's ICALEO conference.

This year, we find ourselves in the iconic setting of Hollywood, serving as a fitting backdrop for the extraordinary developments in laser technology and applications unfolding in our community.

Our main sessions cover a diverse range of topics, from the intricacies of micro and nano processing to the transformative power of laser additive manufacturing. We will explore the frontiers of battery technology, delve into the intricate world of artificial intelligence, and witness the seamless integration of lasers into these realms.

For those joining us for the first time, we extend an especially heartfelt welcome. ICALEO is not just a conference; it's a convergence of minds, ideas, and innovations. Beyond the formal sessions, I encourage you to engage in informal exchanges. The spirit of discovery and camaraderie is as much a part of the ICALEO experience as the scheduled sessions.

Thank you for being a part of ICALEO 2024. Whether you are a returning participant or a first-time attendee, your presence adds immeasurable value to our vibrant community. May this conference be, this year again, a catalyst for inspiration, collaboration, and breakthroughs that will resonate in our community and beyond.

Eric Mottay<br>
Congress General Chair, ICALEO 2024


#### About LIA

The Laser Institute of America (LIA) is the professional society for laser applications and safety. Our mission is to foster lasers, laser applications, and laser safety worldwide. Serving the industrial, medical, research and government communities for over 50 years, LIA offers technical information, training and networking opportunities to laser users
from around the globe.

#### About LIA Conferences

The conferences of the Laser Institute of America are the town square of the laser community. A large and diverse group, laser professionals often find themselves disconnected from each other. LIA conferences, however, bring the university researcher, the business executive and the production floor user together under one roof for a unique and
rewarding networking opportunity.

#### Program Tracks
Below is the list of all tracks that were on ICALEO 2024 Conference.

##### Laser Additive Manufacturing
* The Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) track is a forum to explore the latest innovations and research in laser-based additive manufacturing (LAM). The Laser Additive Manufacturing track focuses on diverse topics, including laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB), directed energy deposition (DED), and other emerging techniques revolutionizing modern manufacturing processes. From materials science to process optimization, from design innovation to industrial implementation, this track connects researchers, engineers, and industry leaders to exchange insights and share breakthroughs in laser additive manufacturing.

##### Laser Materials Macroprocessing
* The Macroprocessing track comprises some of the most productive laser processing applications. Although these applications have been broadly adopted, researchers and industry are persistently innovating to provide new techniques and novel technologies to advance macro materials processing. The attendees will share and discuss those exciting achievements of their research with peers in these macroscopic specialized sessions.

##### Laser Materials Microprocessing
* The Microprocessing track will consist of papers and talks featuring a wide spectrum of applications and innovative equipment for materials processing in microscales with a strong focus on processes with Short and Ultrashort Pulsed Lasers. The presentations will introduce the latest and greatest advancements in their respective fields, presented by world-leading companies and research organizations. This year we will have talks around the headlines of “Beam shaping”, “Glass”, “Surface processing” and “Drilling” between other topics.

##### Frontiers in Laser Applications
* The Frontier in Laser Applications (FLA) track explores recent, cutting-edge applications of lasers, highlighting innovation at the transition of research and industry. The track has included presentations from a variety of fields: Novel 3-D Printing, Advanced Manufacturing, Laser Manufactured Devices, and Frontiers in Laser Processing. The sessions under the Frontier in Laser Application track promise to bring diverse and unique perspectives from real-world applications across laser manufacturing.

##### Laser in Battery Manufacturing
* Electrification is crucial to address global environmental challenges. The laser plays a key role in most manufacturing steps in battery production with all possible laser applications from ablation, structuring, welding, cutting, and marking. Further improvements in the batteries’ power densities, fast charging properties, and yield in battery production are related to photonics and, thus, lasers. We will hear and discuss the latest developments in research, development, and industrial applications. Join us for this year’s Battery Track.

##### Artifical Intelligence in Laser Processing
* The track ‘Artificial Intelligence in Laser Processing’ at ICALEO 2024 explores the fusion of AI and laser manufacturing. Discover cutting-edge research on optimizing laser processes and enhancing manufacturing efficiency. Explore AI’s diverse applications in parameter optimization, quality prediction, real-time process monitoring, and control. Join us to unlock the potential of AI-driven solutions revolutionizing laser materials processing, delivering unprecedented precision, productivity, and innovation.
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Please register!

Attention laser enthusiasts, innovators, and industry leaders! Get ready to immerse yourself in the exciting world of lasers at the 43rd annual ICALEO conference. 

The demand for safe, power- and energy-dense, low-cost batteries is constantly increasing due to the global shift towards renewable energy sources and the associated need for battery electric vehicles and grid-level energy storage. However, current-generation lithium-ion batteries are struggling to meet the requirements and are reaching their physicochemical limits regarding energy density. Solid-state battery technology promises to improve the current state of the art of electrochemical energy storage and has proven itself in research, although not yet in commercial applications. One of the main challenges in bringing the technology to the market is the limited knowledge and research on the production of solid-state batteries with commercially viable technologies. This work presents a study on the application of laser cutting technology to components of sulfide-based solid-state batteries. Challenges such as the production atmosphere, handling of the components, and differences compared to conventional battery components are discussed. Process studies are utilized to identify appropriate parameters for cutting sulfide-based components based on both qualitative and quantitative assessments. The improvement of the resulting edge quality compared to mechanical punching is highlighted. The process requirements, the analysis of the behavior of sulfide-based components, and the proposed process parameters presented in this work pose a significant step toward the successful commercialization of sulfide-based solid-state batteries.

Establishing Laser Cutting of Components for Sulfide-Based Solid-State Batteries

In the additive manufacturing of components using powder-based laser metal deposition (LMD) / directed energy deposition (DED), controlling the heating of the volume during build-up is crucial for ensuring process stability and contour accuracy. When process parameters remain constant, inherent heating leads to variations in deposited layer thickness due to changes in the melt pool volume. These variations result in contour deviations and may even halt the process if parameters deviate from their optimal range. Especially with complex geometries, this often necessitates labor-intensive process development to adjust parameters and build-up strategies accordingly.

The melt pool volume serves as a key indicator of process stability in LMD. Measurement of the melt pool area can be achieved using a coaxial camera in the beam path. By adjusting the laser power during the process, the goal is to minimize melt pool variance. To accomplish this, an AI model is trained using data from LMD processes with consistent parameters during geometry build-up. The AI model learns the correlations between laser power, geometry, and other component-specific factors, and the size of the melt pool area. Subsequently, the trained AI model can predict the local laser power required for a stable process. This eliminates the need for extensive experimentation and evaluation to determine suitable process parameters, particularly when component geometry changes.

AI-Based Spatially Resolved Parameter Prediction in Laser Metal Deposition for Increased Process Stability

Incomplete cuts during laser fusion cutting result in a closed kerf, preventing the workpiece from detaching from the metal sheet, in turn necessitating rework or rejection. We demonstrate the approach of a vision transformer, used for image classification, to detect cut interruption during laser fusion cutting of steel and aluminum sheets. With events impending an incomplete cut in steel, we attempt to predict cut interruption before they even occur. To build a data set for training, cutting experiments are carried out with a 4 kW fiber laser, forcing incomplete cuts by varying the process parameters laser power and feed rate. The thermal radiation from the process zone during the cutting process is captured by a camera with a size of 256 px ×256 px at sample rates of 20∙103 frames per seconds. The kerf is recorded with a spectral sensitivity between 400 and 700 nm, without external illumination, allowing the melt to be observed in the range of the visual spectrum. The vision transformer model, which is used for image classification, splits the image into patches, linear embedded with an added position embedding and feed to a standard transformer encoder. For training the model, a set of images is labeled for the respective classes of a complete and incomplete cut for steel and aluminum and impending incomplete cut for steel. With the trained model, incomplete cuts in steel and aluminum can then be recognized and impending incomplete cuts in steel can be predicted in advance.

Vision Transformer Based Cut Interruption Detection and Prediction of Laser Fusion Cutting from Monitored Melt Pool Images

Femtosecond lasers are recognized for their precision and high-quality performance in the material micromachining field, experiencing increased integration into various industrial applications. Their ultra-short pulse duration nature enables precise and high-quality material processing, particularly beneficial for materials where conventional machining methods are lacking. Alumina ceramics, known for their excellent electrical insulation, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and hardness, stand out as one of the materials significantly benefiting from femtosecond laser machining. However, the efficiency of these lasers in industrial applications has room for improvement. One way to cope with this is burst mode, featuring closely packed femtosecond pulses at MHz/GHz intra-burst repetition rates. This regime allows the division of the energy from a high-energy single-pulse into multiple smaller pulses, effectively making use of the full potential of the laser source.



This study employed the FemtoLux 30 laser to machine alumina ceramics, focusing on the impact of MHz and GHz burst mode on ablation efficiency. Our findings reveal that utilizing MHz/GHz burst mode reduces the ablation threshold (minimum fluence required to cause catastrophic damage), proportional to the increase in pulse number of the burst. Furthermore, the experiment involved milling of squares into the alumina substrate to investigate the ablation efficiency (removed volume per energy unit). As a result, machining in GHz burst mode achieved an ablation efficiency 50 times greater than that of the single-pulse regime. These results highlight the benefits of employing MHz/GHz burst mode for femtosecond laser machining of alumina ceramics, suggesting its further integration into industrial applications.

Investigation of Ablation Efficiency in Alumina Ceramics Utilizing Femtosecond Laser With MHz/GHz Burst Regime

This study aims to reduce heat generation and enhance the strength of busbar welding in prismatic lithium-ion battery modules, crucial for electric vehicles. Effective heat management during welding is essential to maintain battery connections' integrity and prevent thermal runaway, a potentially catastrophic failure. High temperatures during welding can accelerate battery life degradation, damage sealing rubber and O-rings, and increase internal battery pressure. We conducted a comparative analysis between continuous wave (CW) laser welding and the pulsing welding method using Aluminum 1100 series with a thickness of 2mm on the top battery terminal. Temperature measurements were taken at the bottom of the terminal during tests to monitor heat distribution. CT scans assessed porosity and detected micro-cracks within the welding zone, critical for determining weld durability. Additionally, tensile tests evaluated the mechanical properties of the welds.

The results showed that the pulsing laser welding method produced significantly lower temperatures than CW welding, reducing the risk of thermal damage. The pulsing method also resulted in less porosity, indicating a more uniform weld structure. These findings suggest that pulsing laser welding offers superior performance in thermal management and weld integrity. The advancements identified in this study are expected to contribute to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles by ensuring that their battery packs are robust and resilient under various operational conditions.

Minimizing Heat Generation and Enhancing the Strength of Busbar Welding in Prismatic Lithium-ion Battery Modules and Packs for Electric Vehicles

Additive Manufacturing (AM) enables the production of functional and complex parts in a resource-efficient way, only applying the material to the desired location. Especially Laser-

based-Directed Energy Deposition (DED-LB) enables an excellent trade-off between production time and part complexity. However, this metal AM technology is currently lacking

in process stability, which limits a further industrialization. To overcome this, various industrial and academic efforts are focusing on investigating the application of digital process representations, often referred to as Digital Twins (DT), to improve the stability of DED-LB. This contribution presents a complete framework for a digital twin of the DED-LB process consisting of three major pillars. At first, a modular digitization framework for DED-LB is presented that utilizes an edge-cloud computing methodology to fuse data streams from multiple sensors monitoring the laser-

induced melt pool during production. The second pillar incorporates a thermal simulation model to predict the essential melt pool characteristics before the actual printing process. As third, a physics-informed neural network approach is applied to substantially reduce the computational time and efforts of the simulation’s melt pool predictions. In summary, the

presentation showcases a path towards data-based process control of an industrial-grade laser-based manufacturing system by utilizing digitization, physics-based simulation, and

artificial intelligence.

Increasing Process Stability Using a Digital Twin for DED-LB

Shape memory alloys exhibit unique properties that make them ideal for functionally integrated components, such as actuators. While commonly used Ni-Ti alloys are well-established, especially in biomedicine and aerospace, their high cost limits wider applications. Fe-based shape memory alloys present an affordable alternative, suitable for diverse applications, with a larger thermal hysteresis but lower recovery strain. Nonetheless, their functional properties can be enhanced through optimized processing methods like laser powder bed fusion and adjustments to their alloy composition. However, attributing the functional improvements to individual factors is complex due to interdependency and inseparability of some factors.

In order to address this ambiguous state of literature, laser powder bed fusion was used for modifying the composition and microstructure of a FeMnSiCr-alloy. For this purpose, in-situ modifications during the additive manufacturing process were carried out to alter the material. Subsequently, the impact of the resulting compositional changes on the functional properties was analyzed. Attendees will gain insights into the targeted use of the laser powder bed fusion process for in-situ customized iron-based shape memory alloys. In this regard, our research highlights the potential of laser-based additive manufacturing for modifying the alloy composition and microstructure of shape memory alloys and, thus, tailoring their functional properties.

Adapting the Mn Content Within a Fe-Mn-Si-Based Shape Memory Alloy by In Situ Parameter Variations in Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing

We have developed a fully automated laser processing and data acquisition machine, called Meister Data Generator (MDG), which can be used via the Internet 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. All the data taken by MDG is acquired in a database. MDG can perform grid search as well as autonomous optimization with artificial intelligence such as Bayesian optimization. Huge amount of data can be obtained by the automated processing setup, and we applied the data to build a deep neural network that works as a laser processing simulator. The input to the simulator is laser parameters, and the output is a shape of the material after processing. We have tried to make two types of simulators: shallow drilling of silicone and deep drilling of glass. The simulator created by deep learning was found to be applicable to drilling under conditions that were not included in the training data. We were able to predict drilling conditions that achieved more energy savings than the conditions used in the training data. In other words, we now have a predictive AI simulator. We are working with several companies to expand the scope of MDG technology. This simulator could be applied to microfabrication for semiconductor back-end processing.

Autonomous Micro Laser Processing with Artificial Intelligence

Residual stress is an important factor in manufacturing, including laser processing, and ignoring it can lead to product defects. This study presents a new deep learning approach to predict critical characteristics of laser-irradiated carbon steel, including thermal residual stress. The core of this study, a generative adversarial network (GAN), acts as a surrogate model, enabling more efficient utilization of computationally expensive simulations to generate the desired output. The GAN model is trained using data generated by numerical simulation. Three key laser processing parameters are taken as input: laser power, beam diameter, and irradiation time. Based on these inputs, the model predicts various properties of the laser-irradiated carbon steel throughout the process and after cooldown including residual stress. This deep learning model effectively captures the complex, non-linear relationships between laser parameters and process outputs. The model produces very fast results when compared to the traditional simulation, while the results are accurate. The model exhibits exceptional performance, achieving high R-squared values ranging from 0.975 to 0.999 across various predicted properties. The result demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed deep learning approach for predicting laser processing outcomes in carbon steel. It facilitates efficient exploration of residual stress and melt pool evolution by enabling rapid evaluation of different laser parameter settings. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the benefits of utilizing a hybrid loss function for improved optimization of deep learning models.

Generative adversarial network (GAN)-based Prediction of Thermal Residual Stress and Melt Pool Characteristics in Laser Processing of Carbon Steel

CNT composites have been used as bipolar plates in hydrogen fuel cells due to their high corrosion resistance, chemical stability, and high strength. However, due to the low forming elongation of CNT composites, channels were mainly manufactured through milling process. There are problems with low processing precision and damage due to vibration and tool wear that occurs during milling process. Non-traditional laser processing performs non-contact processing, which can solve the problems of tool life and vibration. Furthermore, laser processing is well-known for its advantages of high precision, fast processing speed, and suitability for complex processing tasks. Consequently, research has been conducted to utilize laser processing for fabricating microchannels. Likewise, it is expected that microchannels can be processed in graphite materials using lasers, and thin separators can also be manufactured. However, research on fabricating microchannels in graphite materials have not been conducted. Therefore, this study conducted research to manufacture channels and bipolar plates in CNT composites using a nanosecond pulse laser. Channels with a width of 1.2 mm were fabricated by irradiating lasers parallelly, and the effect of parallel irradiation intervals was observed. After laser irradiation, the change in surface chemical composition was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and changes in surface resistance and wettability of the laser-processed area were measured. Finally, the feasibility of using laser processing to manufacture separators for CNT composites was examined.

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Establishing Laser Cutting of Components for Sulfide-Based Solid-State Batteries

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