United States

Background
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer cases in U.S. men and the second leading cause of male cancer death. If detected in its initial stages, PCa is curable with surgery or radiation, or may even be amenable to periodic surveillance. However, an advanced form the disease, termed castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), is not curable, and accounts for most PCa mortality. CRPC is defined as a form of PCa that continues progressing despite using androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), the standard of care for advanced PCa. A western diet – rich in lipids- has been shown to increase the incidence of PCa, as well as the risk of advanced PCa. However, the exact mechanism of these outcomes remains to be elucidated. We hypothesize that dietary lipids impact the susceptibility of CRPC to ferroptosis, a lipid peroxidation-dependent form of cell death. Lipid peroxidation is dependent on the PUFA content in the cell membrane.

Methods
To study this hypothesis, we have used western blotting, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), mass spectrometry, crystal violet assays, flow cytometry approaches, and RNA sequencing.


Results
We have determined that the PUFA content is elevated in CRPC models relative to a model of castration-sensitive PCa (CSPC). The CRPC models with elevated PUFA content also exhibit increased sensitivity to ferroptosis inducing agents. To explore the link between diet and ferroptosis in PCa, we cultured these models in lipid depleted (LD) medium and identified a non-apoptotic increase in dead cells. This same treatment led to an increased level of lipid peroxides. Upon culture in LD medium, the hallmark cholesterol homeostasis gene set, including genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, was the top enriched gene set across all models. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics also showed a significant decrease in cholesteryl ester levels across all models cultured in LD medium. Interestingly, we observed that CRPC models, but not the CSPC model, showed dependence on extracellular cholesterol for their growth.

Conclusion
These results reveal an increased susceptibility of CRPC models to ferroptosis and a role for dietary lipids, specifically cholesterol, in the modulation of this mechanism of cell death. This finding can be used to design trials focused on further understanding the combination of ferroptosis inducing agents with dietary modifications for the treatment of CRPC.


AMA Research Challenge 2024 

Elucidating the Role of Extracellular Lipids in Ferroptosis in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer

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Background:
Placental inflammation, defined as exposure to uncontrolled inflammation before birth, is prevalent in preterm birth (PTB) making up 10-15% of all births in the United States; it is a major cause of neonatal morbidity/mortality. Unfortunately, there are currently no available therapies targeting placental inflammation. Thus, there is great need to understand the cell-specific mechanism of prenatal inflammation at the placenta for the development of targeted therapeutics. 
Methods:
Retrospective clinical chart review was completed on 228 patients who delivered either Term or PTB (≥40 or <37 weeks gestation respectively) at Mayo Clinic Rochester. Paraffin-embedded placentas were obtained for analysis of immune cells (i.e. Hofbauer cells - HBCs), by imaging mass cytometry (IMC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Fresh biopsies of placenta and cell suspensions of cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) and HBCs from uncomplicated term pregnancies were exposed to inflammatory inducers (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and polyI:C [PIC]) with production/secretion of inflammatory cytokines measured by ELISA and flow cytometry. One-way ANOVA, chi-squared, or Fisher’s exact test were conducted as appropriate.
Results:
Representative patients were identified based on covariates from in-depth chart review with equal number of male and female fetuses. To assess what immune cells are in the placenta, IMC analysis on representative patients found 22 distinct cell populations including CD163+CD68+ HBCs as the only immune cell detected within placenta villi (with some T cells and monocytes detected in the maternal space only) and a higher cell diversity in PTB compared to Term samples. To assess any differences in the number of HBCs in the placenta, IHC analysis on the whole cohort found significantly elevated number of CD68+CD163+ HBCs in placentas from PTB, regardless of labor classification, vs. Term. In explant models, exposure to LPS and PIC significantly increased the secretion/production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, TNFα). Cell suspensions experiments revealed that HBCs had significantly more IL-6 production compared to CTBs at basal levels. In LPS-stimulated conditions, IL-6 production was significantly increased in HBCs only, compared to the lack of significant upregulation in CTBs.
Conclusion:
PTB groups had increased number of HBCs compared to term groups regardless of labor classification, suggesting that labor itself does not drive the placental immune profile. Spatial analysis in placenta confirmed HBCs as the only immune cell. Placental analysis by explants and cell suspensions determined HBCs as the driver of the observed inflammatory profile. Future work will investigate interactions between HBCs and trophoblasts and their spatially resolved roles in prenatal inflammation.

Hofbauer cells: drivers of the inflammatory profile at the placenta

Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs) are some of the most aggressive brain tumors, responsible for over 40% of all childhood tumor-related deaths. Although the molecular landscape of pHGG has been characterized, pHGG lack effective molecular targeted therapies. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a common oncogenic driver in cancer, is amplified or mutated in two out of four specific subsets of pHGGs: those characterized by histone 3 (H3) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type status plus diffuse midline gliomas, particularly when bithalamic. However, it has previously been unknown whether aberrant EGFR can be successfully targeted pharmacologically to help treat pHGGs.

In the first study of its kind, we tested the anti-tumor activity of ERAS-801, a highly brain-penetrant EGFR inhibitor developed by our laboratory in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse model of H3/IDH wild-type pHGG with EGFR amplification. Excitingly, we observed that mice treated with ERAS-801 demonstrated both dramatically slower tumor growth and >100% longer survival (median survival of over 60 days) compared to vehicle-treated mice (median survival less than 25 days). Furthermore, treatment with ERAS-801 affords better tumor control than radiation, and combining ERAS-801 with radiation demonstrates a synergistic effect on tumor control and mouse survival.

These preliminary data have led us to hypothesize that EGFR inhibition predominantly slows down the growth of pHGGs with EGFR alterations and that the exquisite sensitivity seen of pHGGs in response to ERAS-801 stems from high apoptotic priming (i.e., proximity to the apoptotic cliff). We intend to use ERAS-801 as a meaningful treatment strategy for H3/IDH wild-type pHGGs and diffuse midline gliomas with EGFR alterations. Strong preliminary data indicate a role for EGFR inhibition by ERAS-801 for treating pHGGs that harbor EGFR amplification or mutations, thus serving as both an adjunct to radiation or as an alternative treatment option entirely. Accordingly, our work can allow patients to avoid the neurotoxicity of radiation at a young age and even provide those who are too young for radiation with life-prolonging therapy.

A novel brain-penetrant tyrosine kinase inhibitor for pediatric high-grade gliomas

Abstract Title: Dapagliflozin attenuates loss of Lrp2 to preserve circulating apolipoprotein M and endothelial integrity

Background
Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been found to reduce inflammation and preserve vascular integrity, although no unifying mechanism explains the link between the renal effects of SGLT2i and endothelial barrier function. Apolipoprotein M (ApoM), a lipocalin associated with high-density lipoprotein, is inversely associated with mortality in inflammatory conditions and is critical for maintenance of vascular integrity via sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling. We set out to test the hypothesis that pre-treatment with selective SGLT2i dapagliflozin (Dapa) improves vascular integrity in endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS)-treated mice via the ApoM/S1P pathway. Dapa has well-described clinical benefits in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease.

Methods
To test our hypothesis, mice with diet-induced obesity were gavaged with vehicle or Dapa for 4 days prior to LPS (10 mg/kg IP). Mice receiving Dapa restored circulating ApoM levels by increasing proximal tubular Lrp2 compared with vehicle in LPS-treated mice. Proximal tubule-specific knockout of the multi-ligand protein receptor Lrp2 blocked the effect of Dapa on circulating ApoM. In vitro, Dapa stimulated uptake of GFP-ApoM in a Lrp2-dependent manner. In LPS models utilizing ApoM transgenic mice, knockout mice, and S1P receptor 1 and 3 inhibitors, ApoM/S1P signaling was necessary and sufficient for the beneficial effects of Dapa in the LPS model.

Results
In the setting of acute inflammation, Dapa maintains levels of Lrp2, leading to preservation of ApoM, which in turn promotes endothelial barrier integrity and improves hemodynamics.

Conclusion
Our studies suggest a novel mechanism by which Dapa pre-treatment reduces LPS-induced endothelial leak in an ApoM/S1P-dependent manner and can preserve intravascular volume in the acute inflammatory setting. Dapa preserved cardiac preload, as evidenced by preserved end-diastolic volume index, coronary sinus area, and had an increased right atrial contraction pressure during a severe inflammatory reaction, all of which led to the beneficial effects of Dapa in acute inflammation.

Dapagliflozin attenuates loss of Lrp2 to preserve circulating apolipoprotein M and endothelial integrity

Introduction
Distal radius fractures are becoming increasing prevalent in our aging population. Locked volar plating remains the preferred surgical treatment. Prior studies investigating optimal locking plate constructs for fracture stability have predominantly used extra-articular fracture models. Many surgeons have adopted unicortical distal fixation to minimize risk of extensor tendon injury. This study aimed to determine the biomechanical effect of unicortical distal locking screws and pegs on stability in comminuted, intra-articular distal radius fracture cadavers. 

Methods
We applied volar-locking distal radius plates to 24 cadaveric radiuses. The radiuses were divided into 4 groups based on distal locking fixation: 100% length bicortical screws, 75% length screws, 100% length pegs, and 75% length pegs. Osteotomies simulated AO type 23 C2 dorsally comminuted, intra-articular fractures. We determined each construct’s stiffness under physiologic loads (axial compression, dorsal bending, and volar bending) before and after 1,000 cycles of axial conditioning and before axial load to clinical failure (2mm of displacement) and catastrophic failure. We used Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to compare differences of means between groups and Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test for post-hoc analysis. 

Results 
There were no significant differences in age, weight, or bone mineral density (BMD) between groups. Stiffness to volar bending and dorsal bending were statistically equivalent between groups before and after cycling loading. Final stiffness under axial load was statistically equivalent for all groups. Force to clinical failure was statistically equivalent between 100% screw length (308N) and 75% screw length (351N) constructs, and equivalent between 100% peg length (127N) and 75% peg length (150N) constructs. Forces to clinical failure were significantly greater for 100% and 75% screw lengths compared to their peg counterparts (p=0.0253 and p=0.0125 respectively). Force to clinical failure was significantly greater for 75% screw lengths than 100% smooth pegs (p=0.005). Force to catastrophic failure was statistically equivalent between all groups. 

Conclusions 
We recommend the use of 75% length screws or pegs over their bicortical counterparts to prevent dorsal cortex penetration without compromising stability. Surgeons may consider using threaded locking screws over smooth pegs in treating more complex intra-articular distal radius fractures. 



Investigating the Effect of Distal Screw and Peg Length on Stability in Volar Plating of Comminuted, Intra-articular Distal Radius Fractures

Background
The incidence of acute sport injuries in children is on the rise, with 2.6 annual million emergency room visits for sports-related injury. Concurrently, opioid prescribing practices have increased in recent decades, especially in pediatric populations. To help curb opioid usage, a multimodal pain management guideline should be instituted. Further investigation is needed on the precision of regional anesthetic in performing an adductor canal nerve block (ACB) in pediatric knee arthroscopy procedures. Variations in nerve locations within the thigh may impact postoperative pain and opioid usage. We are interested in studying the optimal location of ACB placement to reduce postoperative pain and consequently reduce opioid medication usage after pediatric knee arthroscopy.

Methods
A prospective, double-blinded randomized control trial consisting of 80 pediatric patients (ages 5-17) undergoing knee arthroscopy at St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, approved by the Institutional Review Board. Enrolled patients are randomized to receive an ultrasound-guided placement of an ACB using 0.2% ropivacaine in one of three locations in the thigh: proximal, middle, distal, or control group with saline. The primary data collected are postoperative pain scores and amount of opioids taken, standardized to morphine milligram equivalents (MME), in the 24 and 48-hour postoperative period. Secondary outcomes included correlational assessment of pre and postoperative anxiety of patients and caregivers, correlation between patient anxiety and pain, and a postoperative dermatome sensation test. Data analysis performed with ANOVA test. Complete results including analysis of primary and secondary outcomes are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Results
60 patients (mean age 15.5) have completed this actively enrolling study. This includes 14 in the proximal placement group, 15 in the middle placement group, and 16 in the distal placement group, and 15 in the control group. Primary outcomes analysis showed no significant difference in pain scores or opioids taken at 24 and 48-hours postoperatively among groups. Increased anxiety positively correlated with heightened postoperative pain.

Conclusion
ACB placement in proximal, middle, and distal thigh locations provided comparable 24 and 48-hour postoperative analgesia and opioid medication usage in our first 60 patients.

Adductor Canal Regional Anesthetic Placement in Pediatric Patients for Knee Arthroscopy: Defining the Optimal Location and Analysis of Other Trends

Background
Recent evidence has demonstrated that current hypertension (HTN) diagnosis using seated blood pressure (BP) measurements alone may omit supine HTN, a condition linked with mortality. Higher resting supine systolic BP (SBP) and maximal exercise SBP are associated with increased morbidity and mortality risk, but their relationship remains unexplored in cohorts including both men and women. This study aimed to assess potential sex differences in the change from resting supine BP to maximal exercise BP to predict all-cause mortality.

Methods
This sample included 2,269 apparently healthy, nonclinical adults (1176 men, 1093 women, mean age: 45.2 +- 13.0 yr) from the Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle Study (BALL ST) cohort. Participants underwent a maximal cardiopulmonary treadmill exercise test with resting supine and peak exercise SBP recorded. Descriptive statistics summarized participant characteristics including risk factors, ethnicity, and clinical measurements like baseline supine BP and changes to peak BP. Baseline differences among men and women were assessed using unpaired t-tests. Participants were categorized into four groups based on resting and peak SBP: supine HTN (SBP >140mmHg) with exaggerated peak BP (SBP >210mmHg for men, SBP >190mmHg for women), supine HTN with normal peak BP, normal supine BP with exaggerated peak BP, and normal supine BP with normal peak BP. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis with Bonferroni adjustment compared these groups.

Results
Women exhibited lower resting supine SBP (124.4 +- 15.5 vs 132.3 +- 14.6 mmHg), peak SBP (166.8 +- 21.7 vs 185.3 +- 22.2 mmHg), and change from supine to peak SBP (42.4 +- 16.6 vs 53.0 +- 19.1 mmHg) compared to men (P<0.05, all). Participants were followed for an average of 19.0 +- 9.4 yr for all-cause mortality, during which 238 died (163 men, 75 women). Kaplan-Meier analysis in the whole cohort revealed lower survival in the supine HTN, normal peak SBP and supine HTN, exaggerated peak SBP groups compared with normal supine, normal peak group (P<0.05, both). Sex-specific survival curve analyses demonstrated lower survival rates for the HTN, exaggerated peak SBP compared to the normal supine, normal peak group for men and women (P<0.05, both).

Conclusion
These findings demonstrate higher all-cause mortality in both men and women with supine HTN and exaggerated peak BP responses, compared to those with normal supine SBP and normal peak responses. This highlights the importance of screening for supine HTN and incorporating resting supine BP measurements with exercise treadmill stress tests to better predict all-cause mortality.

Supine Hypertension and Exaggerated Exercise Blood Pressure Response are Associated with All-Cause Mortality in Men and Women

Background
Brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCM) are challenging lesions to treat surgically due to their eloquent location and proximity to critical neurovascular structures. Safe entry zones (SEZs) have emerged as important corridors for accessing these lesions while minimizing morbidity. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the surgical management of pontine BSCM with a focus on SEZs, clinical presentation, lesion characteristics, surgical approach, and clinical outcomes.
Methods
A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed for articles published from 1986 to June 2024 reporting on the surgical management of pontine BSCM. Data were extracted on patient demographics, clinical presentation, BSCM characteristics, surgical approach, use of SEZs, and clinical outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed to identify factors associated with improved outcomes.
Results
Fifty-seven studies with a total of 490 patients were included. The cohort was 54% female with an average age of 33.42±17.7 years. The most common presenting symptoms varied by location. Symptoms associated with a particular anatomical distribution included hemiparesis (p=.0128), hemipaesthesia (p=.0125) and diplopia (p=.001) in basilar pons, CN V palsy (p=.0140) in peritrigeminal pons, CN VII (p=.0247), CN IX (p=.001), CN X (p=.001) and vertigo (p=.006) in the inferior peduncular pons and tetraspasticity (p=.001) in the rhomboid pons. The two most common BSCM locations were peritrigeminal (31.25%) and rhomboid (33.13%). The average major diameter of BSCM was 19.05±8.75 mm and 5.3% of BSCM were developmental venous anomalies. The most frequently used surgical approaches were the suboccipital telovelar approach (31.8%), the retrosigmoid approach (18.7%), and the transpetrosal approach (6.05%) and the most commonly utilized SEZ was the lateral pontine zone (LPZ) (34.1%). Average follow-up was 4.0±4.4 years. Overall, gross total resection was achieved in 65.6% of cases, in cases utilizing the LPZ gross total resection was achieved in 82.8% of cases. Good clinical outcome (follow-up mRS<2) was observed in 64.1% of patients, with an overall mortality rate of 1.0%. The use of SEZs for pontine BSCM was associated with improved clinical outcome (OR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.279-4.546, p=.006). BSCM located in the middle peduncular pons were associated with an improved clinical outcome (OR: 6.759, 95% CI: 2.322-19.673, p=.0005), while BSCM located in the basilar pons were associated with a worse clinical outcome (OR:0.075, 95% CI: 0.010-0.584, p=.0133).
Conclusion
Surgical resection of pontine BSCM can be performed with low morbidity and mortality rates when utilizing SEZs and careful preoperative planning. The lateral pontine, supratrigeminal, and peritrigeminal SEZs are associated with high rates of complete resection and improved neurological outcomes. BSCM location dictates the choice of SEZ and surgical approach, emphasizing the importance of understanding the regional anatomy of the brainstem. Future studies with standardized reporting and longer follow-ups are needed to further refine surgical techniques, patient selection, and stratify outcomes based on anatomical distribution.

Surgical Management of Pontine Brainstem Cavernous Malformations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Emphasizing Safe Entry Zones and Clinical Outcomes

Abstract Title
The Role of Irreversible Electroporation for Pancreatic Cancer

Background
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers in the world, representing the fourth most frequent tumor-related cause of death in the Western world and the seventh leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Surgical resection offers the only chance of long-term survival, but only 15-20% of patients have potentially resectable disease at primary diagnosis. Due to proximity to critical anatomical structures, patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) may be unable to undergo surgical resection. Furthermore, many patients with LAPC are treated like metastatic disease with systemic palliative chemotherapy, resulting in poor response. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the role of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer and LAPC.

Methods
A comprehensive review was performed using PubMed, Embase (OvidSP), Library of Congress, Lista (EBSCO), and Web of Science Core Collection. The initial search was conducted using the terms “Pancreatic Cancer” or “Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma” and “Irreversible Electroporation” in the title field, yielding 165 results. 140 articles were excluded because they focused on cancers not pertinent to the study, weren’t exclusive to human studies, combined open and percutaneous IRE data, or didn’t pertain to the study. The remaining 25 articles were examined for quality reporting data related to key inclusion materials, and 15 articles’ survival outcomes, safety, and efficacy results were included. The data extracted focused on outcomes related to progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) relating to IRE therapy, safety and efficacy compared to other ablation techniques, and induction chemotherapy regimen type and intensity. The primary endpoint was to determine whether IRE could safely and effectively improve PFS and OS in patients with LAPC. 

Results
IRE has demonstrated encouraging survival and response outcomes when combined with induction chemotherapy versus patient populations that receive chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation alone. The use of IRE with targeted therapies may enhance antitumor immunity and possibly improve survival outcomes compared to historical controls. Additionally, the combination of IRE with multiagent therapy has been associated with a low rate of serious adverse events, complications, and infections. 

Conclusion
Irreversible electroporation could improve overall survival and progression free survival when combined with multiagent therapy in patients with LAPC. The optimal management of patients with LAPC is evolving with the advent of improved IRE implementation, newer chemotherapeutics and immunotherapy. IRE has demonstrated itself to be a viable surgical intervention for patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer and LAPC.


The Role of Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) for Pancreatic Cancer

Metformin is one of the most prescribed medications in the United States, mainly due to its utility in treating patients with diabetes. Continued research into metformin’s mechanisms have yielded interesting findings on its cancer suppressing abilities, including its actions in prostate cancer. With these mechanisms in mind, we sought to investigate the potential effects of metformin use on PSA levels in patients with prostate cancer. Using the TriNetX research network, we collected data forming two cohorts of patients with diabetes and same-stage prostate cancer, with and without metformin treatment, cohort A and cohort B respectively. We found a difference between PSA and metformin usage. The mean serum PSA level among patients with the diagnosis of prostate cancer and metformin use in Cohort A (N=45,145) was 20.1 ± 17.8 and the mean serum PSA level for patients with the diagnosis of prostate cancer and no metformin use (N=440,464) was 34.3 ± 31, p<0.0002. We identified a significant decrease in the mean PSA level in metformin users compared to non-metformin users. Further investigation on the effects of metformin on PSA levels is needed to clarify metformin-induced dampening of PSA in screening for prostate cancer diagnosis.

PSA Down, Metastasis at Bay: Metformin's Impact on Prostate Cancer and Implications for Screening

Background
Frailty indices are well-established metrics used to assess physiologic reserve and predict peri- and post-operative morbidity and mortality. While multiple frailty tools exist, there is limited consensus regarding the most effective risk assessment tool in orthopaedic trauma. Although there is literature supporting the utility of the 5-Item Modified Frailty Index (mFI-5) in the orthopaedic trauma population, the newer Revised Risk Analysis Index (RAI-Rev) has not been evaluated in this population. This study sought to determine the applicability of RAI-Rev in the orthopaedic trauma population and compare the predictive discrimination for the RAI-Rev and mFI-5 for 30-day postoperative outcomes.

Methods
The ACSNSQIP data were queried from 2015 to 2020 for patients ≥ 18 with operatively treated fractures of the forearm, humerus, pelvis, acetabulum, femur, tibia, and hindfoot. Outcomes included a composite of major complications (death, sepsis, pulmonary embolism, ventilator use greater than 48 hours, return to operating room, unplanned re-intubation, acute postoperative renal failure, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, and graft failure), mortality, readmission, and wound complications. Frailty scores were stratified into four cohorts based on frailty levels, utilizing previously described cutoff scores. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the predictive value of frailty. Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was quantified with C-statistic for discriminatory accuracy. 

Results
In total, 206,352 patients met inclusion criteria. Median age was 69 years old, with 64.2% (n = 132,514) being female. Multivariate regression analysis showed that increasing frailty tiers in both RAI-Rev and mFI-5 were independent predictors of mortality, major complications, readmission, and wound complications. The cohort with the highest degree of frailty in both RAI-Rev and mFI-5 had the greatest risk of poor outcomes. RAI-Rev had significantly superior predictive discriminatory thresholds compared to mFI-5 for predicting 30-day mortality (C-statistic: RAI-Rev (0.84) and mFI-5 (0.67), p <0.001), major complications (C-statistic: RAI-Rev (0.73) and mFI-5 (0.65), p <0.001), and readmission (C-statistic: RAI-Rev (0.68) and mFI-5 (0.63), p <0.001). However, mFI-5 outperformed RAI-Rev when predicting wound complications (C-statistic: RAI-Rev (0.52) and mFI-5 (0.55), p <0.001). 

Conclusion
RAI-rev demonstrated superior predictability of postoperative morbidity, mortality, and readmission rates compared to mFI-5, but was less effective in predicting surgical site complications. These findings demonstrate the utility of RAI-Rev in anticipating postoperative complications in the setting of orthopaedic trauma, where optimizing surgical candidate selection is not always possible. Assessing the predicted morbidity and mortality through RAI-Rev may allow surgeons to mitigate postoperative complications in patients undergoing surgical fixation of traumatic injuries.

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