United States

Background
Since the early 2000’s, there have been local, state, and federal efforts to provide a framework for developing school health programs that meet a minimum recommendation for emergency preparedness. New York State has instituted multiple educational and public health laws offering guidance to school health officials on program infrastructure, school health communicable disease, emergency medical care, and school safety plans. These laws allow for, but do not require, schools to stock and maintain epinephrine auto-injectors, narcotic overdose kits, tourniquet kits, and allow for the development of school safety plans in response to a school crisis. However, compliance with these recommendations and statutes in schools has not been investigated. The objective of this study is to systematically identify the policies and procedures that schools have implemented to address community and individual emergencies.

Methods
Cross-sectional study conducted between March 2024 and May 2024. An electronic survey based on a priori policies, federal regulations and NYS laws was sent to 6,600 eligible schools from a publicly available registry of NYS schools. Each respondent reported the school&#39;s demographics, as well as questions pertaining to various elements of emergency preparedness policies. There was no incentive provided by the research team for respondents to complete the survey. Descriptive analysis of the survey results was performed.

Results
185 total survey responses were received. The policies with the greatest implementation included presence of an emergency crisis plan (68.11%), emergency communication plan (67.57%), onsite CPR equipment (67.57%), onsite AED (63.78%), emergency contact information for all students and staff (63.24%), and staff trained in CPR onsite (61.62%). The presence of Narcan (28.65%), tourniquets (25.41%), glucagon (21.08%), and stress dose steroids (7.03%) onsite was notably low. Overall implementation of the recommended policies was found to be approximately the same (44-46%) among all school types, except for religious nonpublic schools, which noted substantially less (29.2%) overall adherence to the policy recommendations.

Conclusion
We found that many of the policies recommended by state and federal authorities were not implemented by the majority of schools that responded. This creates a potential gap in care that is especially relevant given the recent increase in school violence. Further studies should focus on identifying trends in noncompliance and barriers to implementation of these policies, with the ultimate goal of providing students with the proper resources when school emergencies do occur.

AMA Research Challenge 2024 

Are New York State Schools Adequately Prepared For School Health Emergencies?
A Descriptive Analysis

Public Health Conference (PHC) is one of a kind platform for global stakeholders from academic, professional and governmental realms to gather, network and discuss healthcare, public health and medical science.

7th Public Health Conference

Background
Since the early 2000’s, there have been local, state, and federal efforts to provide a framework for developing school health programs that meet a minimum recommendation for emergency preparedness. New York State has instituted multiple educational and public health laws offering guidance to school health officials on program infrastructure, school health communicable disease, emergency medical care, and school safety plans. These laws allow for, but do not require, schools to stock and maintain epinephrine auto-injectors, narcotic overdose kits, tourniquet kits, and allow for the development of school safety plans in response to a school crisis. However, compliance with these recommendations and statutes in schools has not been investigated. The objective of this study is to systematically identify the policies and procedures that schools have implemented to address community and individual emergencies.

Methods
Cross-sectional study conducted between March 2024 and May 2024. An electronic survey based on a priori policies, federal regulations and NYS laws was sent to 6,600 eligible schools from a publicly available registry of NYS schools. Each respondent reported the school's demographics, as well as questions pertaining to various elements of emergency preparedness policies. There was no incentive provided by the research team for respondents to complete the survey. Descriptive analysis of the survey results was performed.

Results
185 total survey responses were received. The policies with the greatest implementation included presence of an emergency crisis plan (68.11%), emergency communication plan (67.57%), onsite CPR equipment (67.57%), onsite AED (63.78%), emergency contact information for all students and staff (63.24%), and staff trained in CPR onsite (61.62%). The presence of Narcan (28.65%), tourniquets (25.41%), glucagon (21.08%), and stress dose steroids (7.03%) onsite was notably low. Overall implementation of the recommended policies was found to be approximately the same (44-46%) among all school types, except for religious nonpublic schools, which noted substantially less (29.2%) overall adherence to the policy recommendations.

Conclusion
We found that many of the policies recommended by state and federal authorities were not implemented by the majority of schools that responded. This creates a potential gap in care that is especially relevant given the recent increase in school violence. Further studies should focus on identifying trends in noncompliance and barriers to implementation of these policies, with the ultimate goal of providing students with the proper resources when school emergencies do occur.

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Purpose 
Food insecurity (FI), the lack of access to sufficient food to meet nutritional needs, is strongly associated with poor quality of life, child development, and mental health. The stress and financial strain of their child’s hospital admission may incite caregivers to go hungry during the hospitalization, a term known as inpatient FI. Caregiver hunger may hinder processing and comprehension of information which poses safety concerns during and after a hospital stay. 

Methods
Caregivers of pediatric hospitalized patients were surveyed at a large, urban academic institution in July 2024. Respondents were queried on their sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., income, race/ ethnicity), and caregiver household and inpatient FI. The Hunger Vital sign, a 2-question validated screener tool, was used to assess household FI and a modified tool based on the US Department of Agriculture’s Food Security Survey Module was used to assess inpatient FI. Caregivers who noted an interest in sharing additional information were called to share qualitative feedback. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Fischer, and chi-squared tests analyzed via R Statistical Software (v4.1.2; R Core Team, 2021).

Results
Over one in every four caregivers (27%, N=51) reported experiencing FI during their child’s hospitalization. Among those experiencing inpatient FI, the majority (86%) of families reported annual incomes below the poverty threshold (measured as less than $30k) and most (86%) self-identified as non-white in race/ethnicity. Moreover, over a quarter (29%) of caregivers queried noted that they had not been told how to get food in the hospital. Patients who experienced household food insecurity were 2.54 times more likely to experience inpatient food insecurity compared to those without household food insecurity CI (1.08, 5.99). No statistically significant associations were found between inpatient FI and families being informed about food options available in the hospital (p = 0.7), annual household income (p = 0.4), or race/ethnicity (p = 0.7).

Conclusion
Inpatient FI is a present and significant challenge affecting pediatric hospitalization. Comprehensive, evidence-based policy interventions such as providing clear information about available food resources, integrating food assistance programs into hospital services, and collaborating with community organizations to support caregivers must be considered. Addressing inpatient FI among caregivers may build their capacity to provide care for their child during their hospitalization, have therapeutic effects on health care delivery, and is essential for promoting positive health outcomes for family units.

Evaluating Inpatient Food Insecurity among Caregivers in a Pediatric Hospital Setting

Objective: Quantify the value and cost-effectiveness of institution-subsidized childhood immunizations in a community health clinic setting.

Background:
Child and adolescent immunizations are critical life-saving and cost-saving interventions, as the cost of treating vaccine-preventable diseases is greater than the cost of providing vaccination. Thus, the value of avoiding preventable disease in an integrated health system can offset the cost of implementing immunization programs. Additionally, vaccines have been shown to increase patient quality of life as measured by Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs), an economic estimate of the value of specific medical interventions. Vaccinations can generate QALYs at a lower cost than other interventions. We aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of providing immunizations in a community health clinic to help clinicians, administrators, and policymakers advocate for institutional funding.

Methods:
This retrospective study quantifies the value created—measured in QALYs—by providing reduced-cost immunization series for an underserved patient population in a community clinic and provides an estimate of institutional funds expended per QALY generated.
A university-based community clinic provides primary care and immunizations to a marginalized and minoritized population. This clinic accepts private (15%) and public (75%) insurance and has an income-adaptive charge system for those who are uninsured (10%).
Vaccinations provided by the clinic from 2019-2022 were quantified using Current Procedural Technology codes. Series completed during this period were measured in person-lifetimes by combining the lowest total fulfilled immunization schedules among all vaccinations collectively. Established Clinically Preventable Burden scores were utilized to determine the number of QALYs generated per vaccination series. These values were compared to the clinic's operational expenditures and cost per vaccine to estimate expenditures in US Dollars per QALY generated.

Results:
From 2019-2022, the clinic had operational costs of $7,204,100. The clinic administered 26,419 vaccines falling under CDC recommendations for immunizations at a total cost of $161,308 (Table 1). Extrapolated over 18 years, these vaccinations represent 753 total completed lifetime vaccination series (excluding influenza vaccinations) for children and adolescents aged 0-18 years, estimated to have generated a minimum of 132 QALYs. The clinic generated these QALYs through a maximum estimated expenditure of approximately $11,600 per QALY.

Conclusions:
Access to vaccinations decreases population disease burden and future associated costs. Medical institutions with large service areas and associated payers are uniquely positioned to improve their financial outcomes and the health of the populations they serve. Using clinic-based actual costs, the $11,600 per QALY generated is notably lower than previously published estimates for the total economic cost of providing vaccinations; current estimates suggest vaccination in adults involves costs of up to $39,000 per QALY for influenza vaccinations. These findings highlight a crucial opportunity for healthcare systems and payers to responsibly and sustainably expand critical services to underserved populations.

Quality of Life and Financial Outcomes of Childhood Immunization in a Community Clinic Setting

Background: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is associated with orthostatic intolerance manifested by an excessive heart rate rise with position change associated with multi-systemic symptoms of autonomic dysfunction. Patients can experience sudden clinical deterioration with any infectious stress. Evidence has shown COVID-19 to be an aggressive infection with serious consequences that can be ameliorated by the COVID-19 vaccination. The goal of this survey is to understand and identify the parental gaps in knowledge regarding the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine, allowing healthcare professionals to better advocate, educate, and manage the needs of this vulnerable population. 
Methods: Parents of 203 pediatric POTS patients from a local group practice completed an online survey with a response rate of 37%. The survey focused on demographics, previous COVID-19 infection, vaccination, reason for vaccination, and knowledge of COVID-19. Results were analyzed using Chi-square test of independence to interpret the perception of COVID-19 illness and vaccine. 
Results: The results show 59% of patients are vaccinated, independent of sex, income, or education levels. Fear of side effects (37%) was the most common reason for not vaccinating. Almost no patients experienced side effects from the vaccine. More than half of surveys reported not receiving information from medical professionals on COVID-19. 
Conclusion: Lower vaccination rates highlight a fearful and negative perception of the COVID-19 vaccine despite no reported side effects in those vaccinated. Overall results demonstrate knowledge gaps regarding COVID-19 virus and vaccine. Education and advocacy are required from qualified sources to prevent significant morbidity in this already susceptible patient population.


The Perception of the COVID-19 Vaccine Amongst Parents of Pediatric Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) Patients

ABSTRACT
Soldiers on the battlefield are affected by heavy body armor and excessive march load. It is well known, but the long-term effects of this extra weight on the musculoskeletal system of military veterans, specifically the lumbar spine, are unclear. In Iraq and Afghanistan, most body armors weighed over 33 pounds (15 kg). These armors were 3 times heavier than those used in Vietnam. Chiropractors at the Fargo VA Hospital are seeing more young veterans with non-traumatic lower back pain. This article presents a perspective on the impact of body armor weight and excessive carry load on lumbosacral disc herniation with radicular pain in military veterans.
This study is a retrospective case series. We used a convenient sampling method. We selected the first 10 military veterans who came to a Fargo VA chiropractor in late fall 2023. Each veteran filled out a VA Form 10-5345 to give us permission
to access their electronic health records. All 10 veterans also completed a survey. The survey asked about their active combat status, the type and weight of their body armor, how long they wore the armor each day, how much weight they
carried, and their opinion on the cause of their lower back pain (service related or not). The Fargo VA does not require an institutional review board for a case series.
This study found that military veterans experience lower back pain at an average age of 35 years. This is at least 5 years earlier than non-service men. Lower back pain with disc herniation typically occurs at the L4-L5 and L5-S1 disc levels. All 10 veterans in the study believe that their lower back pain is related to their service. Sixty percent of the participants in the study have a service-connected disability because of back pain.
For military veterans, onset of lower back pain from a disc herniation at a young age may be linked to carrying heavy
body armor and loads. However, the small sample size of this case series limits causal relationship inferences.

Body Armor and Lumbar Disc Herniation in Young Military Veterans:
A Case Series

Background
Physical and occupational therapy has grown significantly from 1965 to 2023. Despite this growth, challenges related to Medicare and accessibility remain for both professions, impacting their ability to serve all populations effectively. This research aims to investigate the distribution of physical and occupational therapists at the county, state, and national levels. The project seeks to identify factors contributing to disparities in therapist distribution and explore the consequences of underserved areas lacking sufficient resources in these fields.
Methods
The data utilized in this research study were sourced from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) for 2023. The number of physical and occupational therapists enrolled in Medicare was analyzed nationally and statewide via proportion tests. Pearson regression models compared the relationship between physical and occupational therapists in the United States and Ohio. The trend in practicing rehabilitation therapists was explored by graduation year.
Results
Approximately 229,740/364,720 (63.0%) of rehabilitation therapists were physical therapists nationally. However, 74,836/86,373 (86.6%) of rehabilitation therapists enrolled in Medicare were physical therapists (P<0.001). Additionally, on a state level, there were significantly fewer counties in Ohio that had at least one occupational therapist (P<0.05). There was a significant relationship between physical therapists and occupational therapists nationally (P<0.001, R=0.95) and in Ohio (P<0.001, R=0.89). The number of graduating physical therapists who practice in Ohio has increased significantly faster than occupational therapists (P<0.01).
Conclusion
When comparing physical and occupational therapists, there is a significant disparity in the number of these healthcare professionals registered with Medicare. The lower enrollment rate of occupational therapists in Medicare contributes to reduced accessibility to their services within the healthcare system. This limitation hinders certain populations from receiving assistance with their daily tasks. In contrast, the availability of physical therapists is increasing, potentially improving accessibility to their services with Medicare.

Trends and Impacts of Medicare Enrollment Among Physical and Occupational Therapists

Background: Conflicts of interest pose a significant risk to the integrity of clinical research. As a part of the Sunshine Act, the Open Payments Program was established to provide transparency in financial relationships between industry partners and physicians. Previous research indicates considerable disparities between industry payments self-reported by plastic surgeon authors and those disclosed by their industry partners. The goal of this study was to determine if the Sunshine Act enhances transparency regarding authors’ conflicts of interest for readers of peer-reviewed plastic surgery journals.

Methods: Articles from the Aesthetic Surgery Journal and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery published between 2017 and 2022 were reviewed. Self-reported disclosures for plastic surgeon authors were aggregated and compared against the Open Payments database using Python scripts. 

Results: 8,040 articles were reviewed. After filtering, 1,469 unique plastic surgeons and 5,987 authorships were identified. A total of 11,593 discrepancies were found, with 82% of authors having at least one discrepancy. Average total payments for authors with discrepancies were greater than for authors without discrepancies ($106,928 vs. $6,501; p<0.001). A discrepancy in self-reporting was more likely to be identified for a senior author (p<0.001). 

Conclusions: Plastic surgeon authors continue to underreport their financial relationships, and the lack of oversight continues to be problematic. Plastic surgery journals may consider automated systems to assess self-reporting accuracy.

How accurate are financial self-disclosures in Plastic Surgery journals?

Background
LGBTQ+ young adults experience disproportionately higher rates of mental health disorders and homelessness related to family and community rejection. A nonprofit organization providing emergency shelter for LGBTQ+ individuals aged 18-24 was partnered with, to address mental health literacy through educational interventions. The objective of this study was to assess mental health and barriers to accessing mental health care to better understand and meet the mental health needs of this population. 

Methods
Four LGBTQ+ identifying individuals experiencing homelessness were interviewed after participating in a single-session mental health education intervention. Interviewees were asked a series of open-ended questions regarding their mental health experiences, their LGBTQ+ identity, and their healthcare experiences. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded individually using RAPID Analysis Process. Codes were analyzed as a group using a grounded theory approach.

Results
Participants cited that their mental health was impacted by their situation, the people around them, and a lack of access to healthcare. Participants stated that their LGBTQ+ identity contributed to feelings of isolation, difficulty trusting others, sexualization and sexual assault, and poor mental health due to interpersonal and systemic homophobia and transphobia. Three participants stated that they found it difficult to discuss their mental health with others. When asked about their relationship with healthcare systems, participants discussed cultural stigma against LGBTQ+ individuals in healthcare settings, a desire for gender-affirming interactions in healthcare, and a hope for a change in perspective amongst a new generation of healthcare providers. Participants stated that the mental health interventions provided tools in mindfulness, communication, and emotional regulation, and fostered community with their peers.

Conclusion
Investigating the intersection of mental health and LGBTQ+ identity showed that personal discrimination from family and friends, systemic transphobia, isolation, and sexualization and sexual assault due to gender identity all contributed negatively to participants’ mental health. Participants’ lack of comfort with reaching out to others for help with their mental health puts this community in a dangerous intersection of heightened mental health stressors and decreased social support. Additionally, participants’ responses indicate a lack of access to general, mental, and gender-affirming healthcare for this community. Increasing access to affordable and consistent care, as well as ensuring gender-affirming and culturally competent interactions in healthcare settings, will help this population better meet their health needs. Conducting interactive mental health educational interventions may further help this population connect with potential support systems and learn tools for managing mental wellness.


Fostering Mental Health in LGBTQ+ Young Adults

Background: Rheumatic diseases are frequently linked to a reduced quality of life (QoL), particularly as disease severity escalates. Patients with rheumatic conditions often have higher rates of depression and anxiety, conditions which can diminish QoL and hinder medication adherence. Suboptimal medication adherence to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs agents can allow disease progression, exacerbating both QoL and mental health. However, the relationship between rheumatic diseases and mental health disorders remains unclear.


Methods: This retrospective case-control study examined the association between rheumatic diseases—specifically rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS)—and mental health disorders (anxiety and depression) in patients treated within the authors' health system. Patients over 18 years old between September 28, 2010, and May 1, 2024 were identified using Epic’s SlicerDicer tool. Rheumatic diseases and mental health disorders were identified using ICD-10 codes. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated via multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for sex and age using IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0.2.


Results: Of the 3,305,015 patients screened, 1.0% had RA, 0.3% had SLE, 0.2% had PsA, and 0.1% had AS. Anxiety was identified in 12.3% patients, and depression in 11.9%. Adjusting for age and sex, patients with diagnosis codes for RA, SLE, PsA, and AS had a statistically significant increase in the odds for anxiety (ORs ranging from 1.99 to 2.40 ), depression (ORs ranging from 2.07 to 2.67), and concomitant anxiety and depression (ORs ranging from 2.37 to 3.09), with all p-values < 0.001. Subgroup analysis of patients seen specifically at our outpatient rheumatology clinics revealed associations between SLE and anxiety, depression, and concomitant anxiety and depression (ORs 1.42, 1.38, 1.49, respectively, all p-values <0.001). PsA and AS were linked to depression (ORs 1.18, p=0.008 and 1.32, p=0.003, respectively) and concomitant anxiety and depression (ORs 1.17, p=0.034 and 1.40, p=0.004, respectively). The lower ORs in this subgroup are likely due to underreporting of ICD-10 codes for depression and anxiety, as these patients may receive mental health care outside of the health system.


Conclusion: Patients with rheumatic disease face significantly increased incidence of depression and anxiety, negatively impacting QoL and medication adherence. It is essential to frequently screen these patients for mental health conditions to ensure comprehensive care.

Associations between Rheumatic Diseases and Mental Health Disorders

Abstract Title:
Outcomes and Quality of Life with Severe Obesity After Life Threatening Respiratory Illness

Background:
A body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 35 kg/m2 is traditionally considered a contraindication to extracorporeal support. We evaluated outcomes and quality of life (QoL) associated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) in patients with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2.

Methods:
We conducted a multi-institution retrospective analysis of patients requiring VV ECMO between May 2020 and December 2021. Patients were ≥ 18 years of age who fulfilled clinical criteria for extracorporeal support. Data on survival, discharge, decannulation, tracheostomy, and extubation times were collected. Statistical analysis involved t-tests, chi-square tests, Kaplan-Meier survival plots, time-to-event models, and multiple linear regressions. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounders. A Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) provided physical and mental scores in both cohorts of patients. The relationship between outcomes and quality of life (QoL) were assessed using generalized linear and mixed models.

Results:
A total of 181 patients were studied, 80 of whom had a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2. The median age was 43.5 (±13.5) years, with 59.7% Male and 97.2% White. Patients with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 had a significantly shorter time to discharge (HR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.16 3.36, p = 0.013) and a lower likelihood of death following discharge compared to those with BMI < 35 kg/m2 (HR: 0.169, 95% CI: 0.036-0.799, p = 0.025). Higher BMI patients also had higher survival rates at discharge (78.8% vs. 63.4%, p = 0.037). Time to decannulation and extubation did not differ significantly between cohorts. SF-12 physical and mental scores demonstrated that patients with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 did not show a significant difference in physical or mental scores when compared to patients with BMI < 35 kg/m2 (42.5 (+/-10.3) vs. 41.9 (+/-10.9), p = 0.822), (51.8 (+/-11.2) vs. 53.2 (+/-9.81), p = 0.582).

Conclusions:
Patients with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 do not have worse outcomes from ECMO and report similar QoL metrics as patients with BMI < 35. These findings suggest the fact that BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 should not be used as a contraindication to ECMO candidacy. Further prospective studies necessitate investigation to better characterize this relationship.

Outcomes and Quality of Life with Severe Obesity After Life Threatening Respiratory Illness

Introduction: 
Mpox is a rare but potentially serious viral disease with a fatality rate of about 11% and is endemic to the Central and West African countries. Vaccination plays a crucial role in controlling and preventing the spread of the disease. However, due to limited resources and challenges in vaccine distribution, designing effective vaccination strategies becomes essential to optimize cost-effectiveness. In this study, we propose a game-theoretic model to evaluate different vaccination strategies for managing Mpox outbreaks via voluntary vaccination.

Methods: 
The game-theoretic model is designed to simulate interactions between different stakeholders involved in controlling the spread of Mpox. We created an epidemiological compartmental model that incorporates various parameters based on literature data to simulate the spread of monkeypox in three equilibria scenarios- disease free, fully endemic and semi-endemic (with disease existing only among humans)

Results: 
Our simulation model demonstrated that the effectiveness of vaccination strategies
depends on the collaboration and decision-making strategies of the involved parties. The existence of semi-endemic equilibrium has severe implications should the MPX virus mutate to increase viral fitness in humans. We find that MPX is controllable and can be eradicated in a semi-endemic equilibrium by vaccination. However, in a fully endemic equilibrium, MPX cannot be eradicated by vaccination alone.

Discussion:
Using the game-theoretical approach in conjunction with our mathematical model yielded insight into the complex dynamics in disease spread and prevention. Our model quantified the costs and benefits of getting the smallpox vaccine (85% effective in preventing MPX) and presented a sensitivity analysis to identify parameters that created the greatest change in controlling Mpox outbreaks. As cases of MPX become increasingly reported among humans, we hope that the
models may serve as a predictive tool to better study the spread of MPX. We also showed a potential existence of the semi-endemic equilibrium, in which there is no infection in the squirrel population and the disease still persists in the human population. As evidenced in recent outbreaks in countries without a disease reservoir, a careful understanding of the semi-endemic
equilibrium is needed when making decisions on optimal vaccination and preventative measures.

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