Military personnel in industrialized societies often develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during combat. It is unclear whether combat-related PTSD is a universal evolutionary response to danger or a culture-specific syndrome of industrialized societies. We interviewed 218 Turkana pastoralist warriors in Kenya, who engage in lethal cattle raids, about their combat experiences and PTSD symptoms. Turkana in our sample had a high prevalence of PTSD symptoms, but Turkana with high symptom severity had lower prevalence of depression-like symptoms than American service members with high symptom severity. Symptoms that facilitate responding to danger were better predicted by combat exposure, whereas depressive symptoms were better predicted by exposure to combat-related moral violations. The findings suggest that some PTSD symptoms stem from an evolved response to danger, while depressive PTSD symptoms may be caused by culturally specific moral norm violations.

Combat stress in a small-scale society suggests divergent genetic and cultural roots of PTSD symptoms

This session will be held in Zoom discussion room. Please click on the button below to join the session

[![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/76394b5b28bf127a876eea792e512efa.png)](https://zoom.us/j/99894532858?pwd=YUJQUHd1QnRzbmRHU2dLYkhJVDFRdz09)

**Session Chair:** Rachel  Harrison   
  
   
**Paper ID:** AB00132     
**Paper title:** The Natural History of Conformity     
**Author:** Rachel Harrison     
**Time:** 15:10 - 15:20 (CEST)  
        
**Paper ID:** AB00044     
**Paper title:** Culture impacts the distribution and habitat use of sperm whales in the Eastern Caribbean     
**Author:** Felicia Vachon      
**Time:** 15:20 - 15:30 (CEST) 

**Paper ID:** AB00089       
**Paper title:** Transmission of Cultural Domains among Immigrants and British nationals in the UK      
**Author:** Nachita Rosun      
**Time:** 15:30 - 15:40 (CEST)    

**Paper ID:** AB00012      
**Paper title:** It happened to a friend of a friend: inaccurate source reporting in rumour diffusion     
**Author:** Sacha Altay      
**Time:** 15:40 - 15:50 (CEST)      
    
**Paper ID:** AB00039       
**Paper title:** Combat stress in a small-scale society suggests divergent genetic and cultural roots of PTSD symptoms       
**Author:** Matthew Zefferman      
**Time:** 15:50 - 16:00 (CEST)  

Q&A session 15: Cultural transmission 1

technical paper

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Matthew Zefferman

1

SHORT BIO

Presentations

Combat stress in a small-scale society suggests divergent genetic and cultural roots of PTSD symptoms