Czechia

The mechanistic link between metabolic rate and foraging behaviour underpins several energy-based ecological theories, yet whether and how they interact remains unclear. Here we aimed to assess how modes of behaviour, in terms of cumulative space use, patch selection and time spent in an experimental resource patchy environment, are influenced by the foragers’ metabolic rate (SMR) and its main determinants i.e. body mass and temperature. We tested the individual behavioural patterns and metabolic rates of a model organism, the amphipod Gammarus insensibilis, across a range of body masses and temperatures. Our findings showed that body mass and temperature exert a major influence on foraging decisions and space use behaviour via their effects on metabolic rates. Individual cumulative space use was found to scale allometrically with body mass and exponentially with temperature, with patch giving-up time falling as body mass and temperature increased. Moreover, SMR had greater predictive power for behavioural patterns, explaining variation beyond that accounted for by body mass and temperature combined. Our results showed that cumulative space use scaled positively with mass-and-temperature-adjusted SMR (residual). Furthermore, the foraging decisions regarding patch choice and partitioning were strongly related to mass-and-temperature-adjusted SMR; individuals with higher mass-and-temperature-adjusted SMR initially preferred the most profitable patch and, as time progressed, abandoned the patch earlier compared to others. Our findings regarding the mechanistic relationship between behavioural patterns and metabolic rate across body mass and temperature shed light on higher-order energy-based ecological processes, with implications in the face of climate change.

SEB Conference 2024

Foraging decisions and space use behavior are linked to metabolic rate across temperatures

space use

foraging decision

metabolic rate

phenotype

body size

temperature

Metabolic rate is closely related to body size (body mass), but when mass increases, metabolic rate usually increases less. This allometric scaling relationship between metabolic rate and body mass is fundamental to biology and widely applied, but also one of the most debated concepts in integrative and comparative physiology, ecology, and evolutionary biology.

Several theories and hypotheses have been put forward to explain why and how metabolic rate scales with body mass, and why there appears to be variation in how steep this scaling relationship is among different taxa and physiological or ecological conditions (e.g. 'surface area', 'cell size', 'fractal distribution network', ‘dynamic energy budget’, and ‘metabolic-level boundaries’ theories or hypotheses). However, the lack of consensus on these important topics is a major barrier to our understanding of the pace at which organisms of different sizes and species expend energy and need to consume resources such as food and oxygen from the environment. It also limits our ability to predict how metabolic rate and body size (co)evolves, and how climate change affects metabolic demands and body sizes, as metabolic scaling exponents are used to model how these key organismal traits are affected by changing temperature and oxygen levels. The importance of metabolic scaling is clear, yet it remains one of the most controversial concepts in biology.

The overall aim of this satellite meeting is to bring together researchers working with metabolic scaling, to: (1) bring the field up to speed on state-of-the-art knowledge and research on metabolic scaling; (2) help understand how the vastly different views and opinions on metabolic scaling can persist despite more than a century of research (e.g. scaling in proportion to surface area or not, universal ¾-power scaling or not, governed by ecological vs. physical or geometric factors); and (3) identify and help streamline specific areas of research on metabolic scaling that will be particularly important for our further understanding of why and how metabolic rate scales with body size.

The meeting is being organised as part of the Animal Section of the SEB and will therefore have a focus on metabolic scaling of animals, but work on other organisms is welcome where this can provide insight into metabolic scaling in general.

Why and how does metabolic rate scale with body size?

The overall aim of this satellite meeting is to bring together researchers working with metabolic scaling, to: bring the field up to speed on state-of-the-art knowledge and research on metabolic scaling; help understand how the vastly different views and opinions on metabolic scaling can persist despite more than a century of research (e.g. scaling in proportion to surface area or not, universal ¾-power scaling or not, governed by ecological vs. physical or geometric factors); and identify and help streamline specific areas of research on metabolic scaling that will be particularly important for our further understanding of why and how metabolic rate scales with body size.

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SEB’s Annual Conference is celebrated for creating the perfect composition of research, new discoveries and collaborative connections. Be creative and innovative by exchanging ideas and knowledge with masters of biology from all over the world.

Animals on Earth are naturally exposed to environmental fluctuations, including changes in temperature, food availability and food quality. Their capacity to adapt to these environmental variations may be challenged by anthropogenic stressors, including global warming, extreme weather events, and changes in land use. The capacity of individuals to produce and use energy is an essential parameter in determining animals’ ability to cope with these environmental changes. In my talk, I will discuss how environmental stressors affect energy allocation in animals, exemplifying with own work on birds and fish, with the overarching goal to identify broad synergies and divergences in response to environmental change amongst endotherms and ectotherms. I will highlight the value of studying changes in energy metabolism at various stages of life and biological levels of organisation, to understand the mechanisms by which endotherms and ectotherms may maintain fitness in a changing world.

Similar challenges but different consequences: how climate change shapes metabolic strategies in endotherms and ectotherms

A paradox of avian long-distance migrations is that birds must greatly increase their body mass prior to departure, yet this is presumed to substantially increase their energy cost of flight, particularly given their tendency to fly relatively fast. However, our understanding of the interactive effects of speed and weight is limited on flight energy costs are based on a few constrained wind tunnel studies. The literature is missing experiments on free-ranging birds flying at similar speeds but with different body masses to test whether the additional energy costs of flying when heavier are very small as indicated by laboratory experiments, or are hyper-allometric as might be traditionally expected. We addressed this by undertaking a novel design of loading experiment on free-flying homing pigeons which utilised thin ventrally located weight and a heart rate data recorder. Our data show that when homing pigeons flying in a flock are loaded with ventral weight, both their heart rate and estimated energy expenditure barely rise. The net effect is that energy costs per unit time increase only slightly and per unit mass they decrease. We suggest that this is because homing pigeon flights are relatively fast, and consequently flight costs associated with increases in body parasite drag dominate over those of weight support, leading to an improvement in mass-specific flight economy. We propose that the small absolute aerodynamic penalty for carrying enlarged fuel stores and flight muscles during fast flight has helped to select for the evolution of long-distance migration.

Fat homing pigeons don't use more energy: an excellent animal model for investigating flight physiology in the wild

Birds are capable of incredible feats in the air, rapidly adapting flight to suit varying behavioural needs and environmental conditions. These feats are made possible through the interaction of biomechanical and sensory systems. One such system, mechanosensation, the ability to sense changes in aerodynamic forces caused by air flow, is thought to be critical for flight control. Notably in birds, vibration-based flow sensors are distributed throughout much of the wing surface; rather, they are localised at the base of the flight feathers. Therefore, it is flow-generated deformations of the passive and flexible flight feathers that are sensed by the flow sensors and not the airflow directly. The goal of this study is to understand how flow information is encoded by the feather aeroelastic response. Additionally, we aim to investigate how wing morphing behaviour can modify this structure-based signal processing. In a wind tunnel, we systematically altered the flow speed and direction acting on dried zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) wings in different morphs. By measuring and parametrising the shape of the frequency response under different flow conditions, we could then quantify how certain features of this vibration response can encode information on different flow characteristics. This study helps us understand the role wing structures play in flow sensing before any further neural signal processing and may inspire morphologically “smart” designs for distributed flow sensing in engineered structures.

Decoding aeroelastic response in flight feathers for flow sensing

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a globally pervasive sensory pollutant that disrupts biological processes across taxa and at all levels of organisation, but its impact on colour-guided processes remains largely unexplored. This is especially concerning given the rapid and ongoing transition away from narrow-spectrum lighting and towards broad-spectrum technologies like white LEDs, which are rich in the short wavelengths of light to which many taxa are especially sensitive. Camouflage is particularly likely to be disrupted by broader ALAN spectra, due to changes in the conspicuousness of background matching prey altering prey recognition in visually guided predators. We simulated natural intensities of moonlight with and without ALAN, using both broad-spectrum ALAN and ALAN filtered to remove the characteristic short wavelength peak of white LEDs to test how exposure to these light treatments impacted predator-prey interactions between the intertidal crab Carcinus maenas and contrasting morphs of the colour-polymorphic snail Littorina obtusata. Exposure to broad-spectrum ALAN reduced overall predation by more than half and reversed the pattern of colour-based prey selection observed under control conditions. Exposure to filtered ALAN removed any significant difference in attack likelihood between colour morphs. Our results demonstrate that spectral composition is a crucial aspect of ALAN as a sensory pollutant, capable of instigating profound changes in predator-prey interactions that could drive changes in population demography and increase morphological homogeneity in species that depend on colour polymorphism for camouflage.

Now you see me, now you don't: artificial light at night alters predation on colour-polymorphic camouflaged prey

The evolution of increased thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms may affect genetically correlated traits and alter physiological performances. Here, we report the correlated responses of a range of life history, behavioural and physiological traits to seven generations of artificial selection for increased (Up-selected) or decreased (Down-selected) acute upper thermal tolerance limit (CTmax) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Contrary to the prediction of a trade-off between warming and cooling tolerance, the thermal window increased in the Up-selected lines. No change was observed in the aerobic metabolic scope or in the thermal sensitivity of resting and maximum metabolic rates, thus contradicting the hypothesis that thermal tolerance limits are controlled by aerobic scope. We also found no difference in brain heat shock protein levels between the selected lines, contradicting the hypothesized role of heat shock protein expression in the evolution of acute warming tolerance. Finally, fecundity, growth and swimming speed did not change in the Up-selected lines, but tended to decrease in the Down-selected lines, suggesting that the evolution of lower thermal tolerance is accompanied by a decrease in individual quality. These results suggest that selection due to acute heating events can benefit tolerance to cold, making individuals more resilient to extreme temperature events.

Selection on warming tolerance alters physiology and life history traits in zebrafish

Coral-dwelling fish experience large daily fluctuations in oxygen, with hyperoxia occurring during the day and hypoxia building up at night. Nighttime hypoxia can be particularly severe between the branches of corals and intensifies in warmer temperatures due to the high respiring biomass of many shelter-seeking organisms. The damselfish, Dascyllus aruanus, is one of the species that seeks shelter within corals and must tolerate hypoxia on a nightly basis. Here we use a combination of field dissolved oxygen measurements, in situ underwater video recordings on the coral reef, and lab experiments to ask whether Dascyllus aruanus has evolved specific behavioural (e.g., changes in activity and sheltering) and physiological (e.g. changes in vision) adaptations to enhance performance under hypoxia. We compare these results to the nocturnal cardinalfish Ostorhinchus angustatus, which rarely experiences hypoxia, and predict it lacks hypoxia-related adaptations. Given the anticipated rise in severe hypoxia occurrences, understanding these adaptations is crucial for assessing the resilience of these species to a changing climate. By using a variety of methods, we aim to gain a new perspective on how oxygen shapes the behaviour and physiology of coral reef fish.

Behavioural and physiological responses of coral reef fish to progressive hypoxia

In cereals, such as wheat and barley, crossing overs (CO) are distributed mainly at the end of chromosomes so that centromeric and pericentromeric regions that include up to 30% of the genes rarely, if ever, recombine. Thus, substantial proportions of the chromosomes are inherited together as large linkage blocks, preventing the generation of novel gene combinations and useful variation that could be exploited in breeding programmes. Therefore, an ability to modify the pattern of recombination in these species would have a profound impact on the breeding of these crops. In order to investigate means of altering the patterns of CO in barley, we have utilised SNP genotyping and cytological procedures, to investigate a collection of non-allelic desynaptic barley mutants. All the desynaptic mutants exhibited perturbed meiosis and semi-sterility compared to wild type with some exhibiting unexpected phenotypes during synapsis (Colas et al, 2016). Overall, studies have suggested a tighter control of meiotic progression of chromatin/meiotic axes compared to the model Arabidopsis.

Although the down-regulation of most meiotic genes leads to abnormal meiosis and loss of recombination, we have found a few variants that increase the number (and sometimes change the distribution) of recombination in barley. This is the case in HvST1 (Orr, Mittmann et al, 2023) HvRECQL4 (Arrieta et al, 2021) and a few TILLING mutants that are currently under investigation. Finally, we have characterised the barley meiosis transcriptome and proteome from cytologically staged anthers (Barakate et a, 2021; Lewandoska et al, 2022), which represent novel resources for cereal studies. The talk will discuss these findings and their potential use for plant breeding and future directions.


The control of Meiosis in large genome crop

With the emergence of increasingly complex learning models – discovery-based, hybrid and lifelong learning – we are invited to recognise the learning environment as more dynamic and broadly encompassing than the traditional classroom alone. Nonetheless, the examination of discovery-based learning has remained generally confined to formal timetabled contexts (Freeman et al., 2014). Student interactions in the times and spaces between timetabled classroom learning, including with members of the wider academic community, are increasingly acknowledged as pivotal for learning and sense of belonging. 

Given this growing complexity, our presentation introduces an ecological framework which offers a more holistic and dynamic view of the context of learning (Barnett & Jackson, 2019). The approach has helped a UK-based, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), research-intensive university to understand its own challenges in the context of a strategic shift toward more student-centred discovery-based learning. The ecological thinking supported a research-informed transformation of various formal, transitional and informal learning spaces, whilst aiding the management of tensions between passive and active pedagogic practices. 

By conceptualising the learning environment and academic community as an interconnected ecosystem with a biodiversity of people and ideas, we might better harness the collective agency and research of universities to educate the future generation of students more effectively and sustainably.

Bridging the gap: an ecological approach to integrating research and practice

Environmental context is important for plant growth. In the field, plants are exposed to weather, seasons and also challenges due to climate change, while much of the high-throughput phenotyping of plants takes place in greenhouses and climate chambers, which limits knowledge transfer. To close this gap, the PhenoSphere was developed to enable researchers to assess plant phenotypes reproducibly under simulated field-like environments. In a benchmark experiment, the PhenoSphere was challenged to reproduce a single season and to simulate the mean of three consecutive seasons. Plant growth under these conditions was compared to that established during four years of field trials and an experiment in a greenhouse. This revealed that the single season simulation was closest to the template environment and field trials in general. It was found to be superior to the conditions in the greenhouse and the averaged season. Recently, the PhenoSphere was upgraded with the PhenoCrane, an automated multi-device imaging panel on a crane system, which allows high-throughput phenotyping by RGB-, hyperspectral-, and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Adopting the FAIR data principles enables the integration of the PhenoSphere into already established research infrastructures. By combining field-like growth conditions and large-volume soil containers with the PhenoCrane, we are now able to evaluate the performance of genetic variants in current and future climate scenarios.

Natural plant growth in the IPK PhenoSphere through dynamic environment simulation and FAIR handling of phenomic data

Plants in the natural environment experience continuous dynamic changes in light intensity. We have limited understanding on how plants adapt to such variable conditions. Here, we exposed Arabidopsis thaliana plants to naturally fluctuating light regimes alongside traditional square light regimes such as those often found in control environment growth chambers. The physiological response was highly consistent across experiments, indicating the involvement of an epigenetic mechanism, leading us to investigated differences in DNA methylation. Our results identified a large number of alterations in DNA methylation patterns between fluctuating light acclimated plants, and square light acclimated plants, demonstrating natural fluctuations in light impacts the plant epigenetic mechanisms. Most importantly, there are more differences in DNA methylation patterns between different light pattern regimes than between different light intensities. These differences in DNA methylation were accompanied by significant changes in gene expression, some of which correlated with altered DNA methylation. Interestingly, several transposable elements which displayed differential methylation were found to be differentially expressed between light regimes. Our data suggests DNA methylation plays a role in acclimation to natural light which may directly regulate gene expression and impact transposable element activation.

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