Czechia

A great proportion of people with Rett syndrome (RTT) have aberrant pain responses. However, due to additional RTT-related symptoms such as mobility impairments and altered verbal skills, it is difficult to assess their noxious responses. Apart of being considered a pathological state per se, altered pain responses could result in undertreatment of additional RTT-associated conditions. Here, we used male mice null for Mecp2, the gene causing most cases of RTT, to evaluate their response to an inflammatory model. At symptomatic ages (8 weeks old), two cohorts of animals received an intraplantar injection of Complete’s Freud Adjuvant. We analysed either mechanical or thermal sensitivity (von Frey hairs or Hargreaves apparatus, respectively) during basal conditions and at 1- and 3-days post-injection. An hour after last testing, animals were sacrificed and nervous tissues collected for testing. Controls included wild-type (WT) siblings and saline-injected animals from both genotypes. During basal conditions, Mecp2-null mice showed a significantly higher threshold to withdraw their paws in response to a mechanical stimulation than WT and thus are described as mechanically hyposensitive. Interestingly, although hypersensitivity also developed in the mutants at 24 hours post-injection, it was completely resolved by the third day. Immunofluorescence in sectioned brains revealed alterations in the endocannabinoid system within the Mecp2-null mice when compared to WT. Taking all together, our data suggests that MeCP2 is key player in the maintenance, but not the development, of mechanical hypersensitivity following an injury. We also point at the endocannabinoid system as a potential therapeutic target for RTT

SEB Conference 2024

Mecp2-null male mice are mechanically hyposensitive before and after an inflammatory pain model

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Extreme heat events are predicted to be more frequent and intense over the next few decades. Ectotherms are particularly sensitive to such events due to their reliance on the external environment to perform their daily activities and maintain body temperature. Exposure to higher temperatures during fish development can accelerate growth rates, which directly impacts growth and mortality rates. Yet very little is known about the impact of rearing density and social cues on the behavior of developing embryos exposed to thermal stress. In this study, we measured the startle response of 1 day post fertilization zebrafish embryos at different rearing densities (10, 20, and 40 eggs), and with and without regular social and heat-induced chemical cues. Our results show that activity increases with higher embryo densities, and heat-induced social cues modulate activity both with and without application of thermal stress. Since the startle response is a proxy for how well sensory information and motor actions are coordinated, rearing density and social cues emerge as important factors for understanding the response of developing fish to environmental stressors.

Exploring Zebrafish Embryo Behavioral stress Responses in social contexts

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by, among others, motor impairments, neuroendocrine dysregulation, anxiety altered responses and aberrant pain perception. The primary cause of RTT is de novo loss-of-function mutation in the methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MECP2) gene, which is located within chromosome X. Although RTT affects mainly females (heterozygous), most rodent studies have used males (hemizygous) as they develop the RTT-associated symptomatology sooner than females (8 weeks vs. 6 months). Here, we analysed both mutant males and females from a CD1 background line at corresponding symptomatic ages, together with control wild-type (WT) siblings. After weighting the animals, they were subjected to an elevated plus maze (EPM) to assess their anxiety responsiveness. One week later, animals received an intraplantar injection of capsaicin to elicit a nociception-specific activation. One hour post-injection, subjects were sacrificed and nervous system collected to assess differential activation in the nociceptive pathway via cFOS immunohistochemistry. Our results show that, although Mecp2 mutant males moved less over the duration of the EPM, they demonstrate a more anxiolytic phenotype than their WT siblings. Mecp2-het females seem to describe a similar behavioural pattern. Nonetheless, mutant females were significantly heavier than their WT siblings while males showed no difference in weight. Following the capsaicin injection, similar changes were observed in both males and females. Together, our results validate this rodent model for the study of RTT-associated neurological manifestation and further demonstrate the need to include animals from both sexes to study the aetiology of RTT and associated disorders.

Mecp2-mutant CD1 mice recapitulate anxiety- and nociceptive-alterations associated with Rett Syndrome

Mice rely on olfactory and vomeronasal marks to recognise other individuals, which need to be integrated into the spatial map to encode the identity of other conspecifics in a context-dependent manner. Our objective is to explore the influence of vomeronasal information in the spatial map characterising the functional interconnection between the chemosensory amygdala and the hippocampus.
We assessed vomeronasal influence on spatial mapping by presenting male urine to female mice in two exploratory behaviours while recording single-unit activity in the hippocampus. In one experiment, mice explore a virtual labyrinth divided into sectors with specific visual or olfactory contingencies. In the other, we designed a test to study place preference and spatial maps simultaneously, the Enriched Open Field (EOF), where we placed modular pieces in an Open Field to enhance exploration and provide references, and including urine marks in a specific quadrant.
The neuronal activity associated with the exploration of the labyrinth showed specific responses to given sectors. These responses include both increased and decreased firing rate usually in the sector where male urine is delivered. In the EOF, in contrast to our expectations, female mice avoid the area where the male left marks. But regarding the neuronal activity, we could identify neurons whose response is associated with male-marked areas.
These experiments broaden our knowledge about how neuronal activity links both exploration patterns and specific locations in space in the context of the integration of social cues. 


Amygdalo-hippocampal circuits mediating the integration of vomeronasal information during approach behaviours

Human reproductive behaviour manifests complex psychological exposition. The cognitive mechanism underlying the psychological aspects of mate selection demonstrates multifaceted objectives and is highly influenced by multiple societal factors. We hypothesize that, huge amount of erogenous provoking social contents (primarily digital) are creating complex database in young human mindset which eventually creates confusion about mate selection, thus demonstrating erratic behavioural sequences. The orthodox reproductive necessities in humans have notably incorporated ‘pleasure’ preferences also. Our analysis denotes that these external factors are capable of manipulating the fundamental evolutionary aspects of reproductive protocol and provide various dimensions about courtship perspectives. We conceptualize the recent paradigms of human mate selection perspectives and predict the onset of ‘artificial’ mating behaviour in the young population, with emphasis on social dimension. According to our findings, we are focused on confusion, which may be crucial in causing irregular behavioural manifestations during partner selection.

Erratic behaviour of human mate selection; a manipulative nature of young mindset creating confusion

Larval recruitment is a key life history trait for fish, conditioning species’ fate at an individual, population and community level. This process has many involvements, from the connectivity of the population, stock replenishment or adult fitness, being very sensitive to environmental change and anthropogenic activities, including light pollution. The global extent of artificial light at night (ALAN) on marine organisms is twofold. In the first place, ALAN is ubiquitous, impacting a quarter of the world’s coastline and pervasive until 10 meters deep for 2.7 % of the world’s exclusive economic zone. In the second place, ALAN is omnipotent, impacting most of the marine taxa examined to date and influencing a wide range of biological and ecological processes. Nevertheless, light pollution remains unstudied for larval recruitment.
In the present work, we reproduced environmental light pollution in the wild, in the lagoon of Moorea, French Polynesia, to examine the impact on fish recruitment. We particularly focused on two of the most dominant species of coral reef damselfish: the yellowtail dascyllus (Dascyllus flavicaudus) and the blue-green chromis (Chromis viridis). Using multidisciplinary approach (such as otoliths extraction, nighttime behavioural test or respirometry test), we found out that light pollution increases the recruitment of fish larvae to corals exposed to light pollution, but has also drastic carry over effect on growth, metabolic rate, and survival. In other words, ALAN has the potential to attract organisms to a less suitable environment, generating a peculiar anthropogenic stressor.


The light pollution paradox: more fish in less sustainable habitat

Climate change has revived interest in context-dependent species interactions as abiotic environments shift rapidly. An integrative approach, focusing on physiological mechanisms influencing environmental tolerance and performance, provides valuable insights into this research. Using the invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and the endangered Spanish toothcarp (Aphanius iberus) as a case study, we explored salinity impact on metabolism and behaviour. While it is well-documented that salinity influences mosquitofish capacity, the metabolic mechanisms and their impact on behaviour remain unexplored. Our goal is to examine metabolic and behavioural responses in different salinity conditions (freshwater and 15 psu) and the correlation between these variables. Using intermittent-flow respirometry, we measured standard metabolic rates (SMR), maximum metabolic rates (MMR), and absolute aerobic scope (AAS). Behavioural variables, like the proportion of time out of cover, were derived from speed, acceleration, and heading data using Raspberry Pi cameras. Our findings show that, with rising salinity, mosquitofish experience decreased metabolic rates, while toothcarp's rates remain stable, suggesting lower salinity tolerance in mosquitofish. In terms of behaviour, mosquitofish exhibit higher activity and trajectory count, while toothcarps cover a larger area with increased speed variability. Correlations between metabolism and behaviour are species-specific, with toothcarps' MMR significantly correlating with overall behaviour, particularly time out of cover, and mosquitofish's SMR correlating with the total distance moved. These insights highlight challenges in mosquitofish metabolism with higher salinities compared to endemic species. Furthermore, it emphasises the importance of considering intricate physiological mechanisms and their interactions with behaviour in the context-dependent competition of this globally expanding species.

Energetic Tango: Metabolic and Behavioural Interplay in the Competition Dynamics of Native and Invasive Freshwater Fish Amid Changing Salinities

The red rock shrimp, Lysmata californica, is a key species in Southern California's shallow coastal ecosystems where it faces environmental challenges due to seasonal and long-term changes in ocean pH and temperature. These environmental changes could potentially affect the shrimp's molting process by extending postmolt recovery and affecting mortality rates through altering behaviors. This study investigates the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) and warming (OW) conditions on key behaviors of L. californica during postmolt. Shrimp were exposed to a combination of pH (8.1 and 7.7) and temperature (12°C and 15°C) conditions for 50 days, during which we assessed feeding, cleaning behavior, and startle responses at two critical times postmolt (<15 hours and 5 days post-ecdysis). Our findings reveal that reduced pH significantly delays initiation of feeding postmolt and diminishes food consumption postmolt, while warmer temperature increases overall food consumption. Additionally, reduced pH conditions deterred cleaning behavior, whereas warmer temperature enhanced it. There were no discernible effects on startle responses across treatments postmolt. These results demonstrate that OA and OW conditions can alter important behaviors of L. californica during the critical postmolt period, temporarily disrupting their roles within mutualistic symbioses under ongoing climate change.

Eco-physiological Impacts of Ocean Acidification and Warming on Postmolt Red Rock Shrimp, Lysmata californica

Controlling on their body size, several bird taxa show cognitive abilities outperforming the mammals. This applies namely to parrots and passerines. Yet, in birds we still have only limited information about the physiological circuits regulating the nervous system including neuro-immune interactions. In our previous research we have identified a gene loss of an important neuro-immune regulator CNR2 that is specific for parrots. Compared to songbirds parrots show significantly higher expression of pro-inflammatory markers (IL1B and IL6) in brains of individuals with sterile-induced abdominal inflammation. Parrots frequently suffer from behavioural disorders (depression and feather plucking) that can result from impaired inflammatory regulation. Here we measured gene expression of important neuropeptides that are involved in regulation of behaviour in brains and periphery (ileum) of parrots during acute neuroinflammation. Unlike in brain in the ileum we have identified differential gene expression of POMC. Next we compared the patterns of neuropeptides expression during acute inflammation to chronic inflammation. We have revealed association between expression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and several neuropeptides (NPY, PDYN, POMC, TAC1 and VIP). Finally, we followed the relationships between cytokine and neuropeptide expression and behavioural patterns in the experimental animals. Our results support the importance of neuro-immune interactions in regulation of avian behaviour during inflammatory conditions. Targeting neuropeptide expression during chronic inflammation could offer novel therapeutic strategies to treat depression-like disorders in parrots.

Effects of peripheral inflammation on neural regulation in birds

Meiosis is a unique cell division process for sexual reproduction in plants and animals. In the meiotic cell cycle, a single round of DNA 
replication is followed by two rounds of chromosome division, called meiosis I and meiosis II. Both rounds of the meiotic cell cycle contain 
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Chromosomes segregate at metaphase and form two cells after a new cell wall is built 
during telophase I. In dicotyledons, instead of a real cell wall, a band structure consisting of vesicles derived from different organelles is 
act as a physical barrier between homologous chromosome until the end of telophase II. During Metaphase II, the position between
spindle is precisely controlled to ensure the division of chromosomes. JASON (JAS) maintains organelle band to separate spindle 
(Brownfield, Yi et al. 2015), while actin network limited the spindle and organelle band at certain area to achieve the dynamic role of 
organelle band. In this study, jas are used to study the function of actin network in regulating the organelle band during metaphase II.

Regulating the Organelle Band through Actin Dynamics in Male Meiosis of Arabidopsis

Acute monocytic leukaemia (AML-M5) is a bone marrow disease that affects young children. Astonishingly, the discovery of disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) capable of recapitulating human pathogenesis allows us to model this disease in vitro. We had previously generated AML-M5-specific-iPSC (AML-M5-iPSCs) from THP-1 cells obtained from a patient[1]. These AML-M5-iPSCs were then induced with growth supplements to enter haematopoietic differentiation to generate monocytic cells. We noticed that reprogramming transgenes Oct3/4, Sox2 and c-Myc were unintentionally integrated into the genome of AML-M5-iPSC during reprogramming. Out of scientific interest, the effects of transgene integration on drug responses were investigated. Firstly, the monocytic cells were characterised to determine their morphological and phagocytotic properties, and compared with their parental cell line THP-1 across 5-, 10-, 15-, 20- and 25-day post-differentiation. Subsequently, cytotoxic effect of Doxorubicin at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4μM on both cells were investigated with CCK-SK viability assay, and apoptotic effect investigated with cell cycle analysis. 
Our results revealed that in terms of size and morphology, both THP-1 and differentiated monocytic cells remained comparable up to 25 days post-differentiation. Within the same duration, their phagocytotic rates also exhibited no significant differences (p>0.05) when investigated with carboxylate-modified red fluorescent latex beads. However, after 24h Doxorubicin treatment, the IC50 value determined for THP-1 cells was 0.59µM, but the IC50 value for differentiated monocytic cells could not be determined; suggesting that they were significantly (p<0.05) less responsive to Doxorubicin. Upon similar treatment conditions, 92.5±3.9% of THP-1 cells entered late apoptosis stage. However, for differentiated monocytic cells, only 0.3±0.2% entered late apoptosis stage, 37.2±1.5% entered necrosis stage and 62.5±1.6% remained in viable stage. Our results showed that transgenes integration was causing monocytic cells to be resistant to Doxorubicin despite the fact the they should only affect haematopoietic differentiation. In addition, the apoptotic effect of Doxorubicin had also been switched to necrotic effect. More interesting, transgene integration did not seem to alter the morphology and phagocytosis of monocytic cells. We postulate that transgenes Oct3/4, Sox2 and c-Myc interfered with the intercalation of Doxorubicin into the DNA, subsequently altering downstream pathways thereby disrupting cell death via apoptosis. In conclusion, further investigations are warranted to determine the mechanism of reprogramming transgene-induced drug resistance in monocytic cells derived from AML-M5-iPSC.


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Mecp2-mutant CD1 mice recapitulate anxiety- and nociceptive-alterations associated with Rett Syndrome