Canada

Reinforcement learning (RL) is broadly employed in human-involved systems to enhance human outcomes. Off-policy evaluation (OPE) has been pivotal for RL in those realms since online policy learning and evaluation can be high-stake. Intelligent tutoring has raised tremendous attentions as highly challenging when applying OPE to human-involved systems, due to that students&#39; subgroups can favor different pedagogical policies and the costly procedure that policies have to be induced fully offline and then directly deployed to the upcoming semester. In this work, we formulate on-demand pedagogical policy selection (ODPS) to tackle the challenges for OPE in intelligent tutoring. We propose a pipeline, EduPlanner, as a concrete solution for ODPS. Our pipeline results in an theoretically unbiased estimator, and enables efficient and customized policy selection by identifying subgroups over both historical data and on-arrival initial logs. We evaluate our approach on the Probability ITS that has been used in real classrooms for over eight years. Our study shows significant improvement on learning outcomes of students with EduPlanner, especially for the ones associated with low-performing subgroups.

AAAI 2024

Get a Head Start: On-Demand Pedagogical Policy Selection in Intelligent Tutoring

human-involved systems

on-demand policy selection

intelligent tutoring systems

education

reinforcement learning

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
AAAI is providing you with a conference planner, which you can use to help organize your itinerary of activities. This includes talks to attend in person, talks to attend remotely, breaks with colleagues and your site seeing activities. To access this conference planner, please go to [https://aaai-2023.takemobi.io](https://aaai-2023.takemobi.io).

In order to access this site, you need to register. If you haven't already, please register [here](https://aaai.org/Conferences/AAAI-23/registration/).


AAAI 2023

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is broadly employed in human-involved systems to enhance human outcomes. Off-policy evaluation (OPE) has been pivotal for RL in those realms since online policy learning and evaluation can be high-stake. Intelligent tutoring has raised tremendous attentions as highly challenging when applying OPE to human-involved systems, due to that students' subgroups can favor different pedagogical policies and the costly procedure that policies have to be induced fully offline and then directly deployed to the upcoming semester. In this work, we formulate on-demand pedagogical policy selection (ODPS) to tackle the challenges for OPE in intelligent tutoring. We propose a pipeline, EduPlanner, as a concrete solution for ODPS. Our pipeline results in an theoretically unbiased estimator, and enables efficient and customized policy selection by identifying subgroups over both historical data and on-arrival initial logs. We evaluate our approach on the Probability ITS that has been used in real classrooms for over eight years. Our study shows significant improvement on learning outcomes of students with EduPlanner, especially for the ones associated with low-performing subgroups.

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-24), which will be held in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Vancouver Convention Centre – West Building from 20-27 February, 2024.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-24 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

We expect for AAAI-24 to be an in-person conference – one author of all accepted papers will be expected to present work in person unless there are exceptional circumstances that prevent this.

In order to access the AAAI-24 event page you need to register [here](https://aaai.org/aaai-conference/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

Inferring a diffusion equation from discretely observed measurements is a statistical challenge of significant importance in a variety of fields, from single-molecule tracking in biophysical systems to modeling financial instruments.
Assuming that the underlying dynamical process obeys a d-dimensional stochastic differential equation of the form dx_t = b(x_t)dt + \Sigma(x_t)dw_t, we propose neural network-based estimators of both the drift b and the spatially-inhomogeneous diffusion tensor D = \Sigma\Sigma^T/2 and provide statistical convergence guarantees when b and D are s-Hölder continuous. 
Notably, our bound aligns with the minimax optimal rate N^{-\frac{2s}{2s+d}} for nonparametric function estimation even in the presence of correlation within observational data, which necessitates careful handling when establishing fast-rate generalization bounds.
Our theoretical results are bolstered by numerical experiments demonstrating accurate inference of spatially-inhomogeneous diffusion tensors.

Statistical Spatially Inhomogeneous Diffusion Inference

Understanding generalization in deep neural networks is an active area of research. A promising avenue of exploration has been that of margin measurements: the shortest distance to the decision boundary for a given sample or its representation internal to the network. While margins have been shown to be correlated with the generalization ability of a model when measured at its hidden representations (hidden margins), no such link between large margins and generalization has been established for input margins. We show that while input margins are not generally predictive of generalization, they can be if the search space is appropriately constrained.
We develop such a measure based on input margins, which we refer to as 'constrained margins'. The predictive power of this new measure is demonstrated on the 'Predicting Generalization in Deep Learning' (PGDL) dataset and contrasted with hidden representation margins. We find that constrained margins achieve highly competitive scores and outperform other margin measurements in general. This provides a novel insight on the relationship between generalization and classification margins, and highlights the importance of considering the data manifold for investigations of generalization in DNNs.

Input Margins Can Predict Generalization Too

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are useful in temporal sequence tasks. However, training RNNs involves dense matrix multiplications which require hardware that can support a large number of arithmetic operations and memory accesses. Implementing online training of RNNs on the edge calls for optimized algorithms for an efficient deployment on hardware. Inspired by the spiking neuron model, the Delta RNN exploits temporal sparsity during inference by skipping over the update of hidden states from those inactivated neurons whose change of activation across two timesteps is below a defined threshold. This work describes a training algorithm for Delta RNNs that exploits temporal sparsity in the backward propagation phase to reduce computational requirements for training on the edge. Due to the symmetric computation graphs of forward and backward propagation during training, the gradient computation of inactivated neurons can be skipped. Results show a reduction of ∼80% in matrix operations for training a 56k parameter Delta LSTM on the Fluent Speech Commands dataset with negligible accuracy loss. Logic simulations of a hardware accelerator designed for the training algorithm show 2-10X speedup in matrix computations for an activation sparsity range of 50%-90%. Additionally, we show that the proposed Delta RNN training will be useful for online incremental learning on edge devices with limited computing resources.

Exploiting Symmetric Temporally Sparse BPTT for Efficient RNN Training | VIDEO

This paper studies robust nonparametric regression, in which an adversarial attacker can modify the values of up to q samples from a training dataset of size N. Our initial solution is an M-estimator based on Huber loss minimization. Compared with simple kernel regression, i.e. the Nadaraya-Watson estimator, this method can significantly weaken the impact of malicious samples on the regression performance. We provide the convergence rate as well as the corresponding minimax lower bound. The result shows that, with proper bandwidth selection, supremum error is minimax optimal. The L2 error is optimal with relatively small q, but is suboptimal with larger q. The reason is that this estimator is vulnerable if there are many attacked samples concentrating in a small region. To address this issue, we propose a correction method by projecting the initial estimate to the space of Lipschitz functions. The final estimate is nearly minimax optimal for arbitrary q, up to a logarithmic factor.

Robust Nonparametric Regression under Poisoning Attack

We present a real-time method for robust estimation of multiple instances of geometric models from noisy data.
Geometric models such as vanishing points, planar homographies or fundamental matrices are essential for 3D scene analysis.
Previous approaches discover distinct model instances in an iterative manner, thus limiting their potential for speedup via parallel computation.
In contrast, our method detects all model instances independently and in parallel.
A neural network segments the input data into clusters representing potential model instances by predicting multiple sets of sample and inlier weights.
Using the predicted weights, we determine the model parameters for each potential instance separately in a RANSAC-like fashion.
We train the neural network via task-specific loss functions, i.e. we do not require a ground-truth segmentation of the input data.
As suitable training data for homography and fundamental matrix fitting is scarce, we additionally present two new synthetic datasets.
We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on these as well as multiple established datasets, with inference times as small as five milliseconds per image.

PARSAC: Accelerating Robust Multi-Model Fitting with Parallel Sample Consensus

In centralized multi-agent systems, often modeled as multi-agent partially observable Markov decision processes (MPOMDPs), the action and observation spaces grow exponentially with the number of agents, making the value and belief state estimation of single-agent online planning ineffective. Prior work partially tackles value estimation by exploiting the inherent structure of multi-agent settings via so-called coordination graphs. Additionally, belief state estimation has been improved by incorporating the likelihood of observations into the approximation. However, the challenges of value estimation and state estimation have only been tackled individually, which prevents these methods from scaling to many agents. Therefore, we address these challenges simultaneously. First, we introduce weighted particle filtering to sample-based online planners in MPOMDPs. Second, we present a scalable approximation of the belief state. Third, we bring an approach that exploits the typical locality of agent interactions to novel online planning algorithms for MPOMDPs operating on a so-called sparse particle filter belief tree. Our experimental evaluation against several state-of-the-art baselines shows that our methods (1) are competitive in settings with only a few agents and (2) improve over the baselines in the presence of many agents.

Factored Online Planning in Many-Agent POMDPs

We propose the Intuitive Reasoning Network (IRENE) - a novel neural model for intuitive psychological reasoning about agents' goals, preferences, and actions that can generalise previous experiences to new situations. IRENE combines a graph neural network for learning agent and world state representations with a transformer to encode the task context. When evaluated on the challenging Baby Intuitions Benchmark, IRENE achieves new state-of-the-art performance on three out of its five tasks - with up to 48.9% improvement. In contrast to existing methods, IRENE is able to bind preferences to specific agents, to better distinguish between rational and irrational agents, and to better understand the role of blocking obstacles. We also investigate, for the first time, the influence of the training tasks on test performance. Our analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of IRENE in combining prior knowledge gained during training for unseen evaluation tasks.

Neural Reasoning about Agents’ Goals, Preferences, and Actions

In reinforcement learning, temporal abstraction in the action space is a common approach to simplifying the learning process of policies through temporally-extended courses of action. However, a major drawback of the prior work on action repetition is that repetitions of sub-optimal actions may lead to significant deterioration in performance. Hence, the degradation in performance that action repetition causes can be larger than the gains it provides.To address this issue, we propose a novel algorithm called Uncertainty-aware Temporal Extension (referred to as UTE), which utilizes ensemble methods to estimate uncertainty when extending an action. Our framework allows policies to either favor exploration or be uncertainty-averse, depending on their needs. We present empirical results on Gridworld and Atari 2600 environments, which demonstrate the superior performance of UTE over other action-repeating algorithms. Our findings suggest that our uncertainty-aware approach can mitigate the negative impact of action repetition and improve the learning efficiency of policies.

Learning Uncertainty-Aware Temporally-Extended Actions

Training neural networks with good generalization requires large computational costs in many deep learning methods due to large-scale datasets and over-parameterized models. Despite the emergence of a number of coreset selection methods to reduce the computational costs, the problem of coreset distribution bias, i.e., the skewed distribution between the coreset and the entire dataset, has not been well studied. In this paper, we find that the closer the feature distribution of the coreset is to that of the entire dataset, the better the generalization performance of the coreset, particularly under extreme pruning. This motivates us to propose a simple yet effective method for coreset selection to alleviate the distribution bias between the coreset and the entire dataset, called feature distribution matching (FDMat). Unlike gradient-based methods, which selects samples with larger gradient values or approximates gradient values of the entire dataset, FDMat aims to select coreset that is closest to feature distribution of the entire dataset. Specifically, FDMat transfers coreset selection as an optimal transport problem from the coreset to the entire dataset in feature embedding spaces. Moreover, our method shows strong robustness due to the removal of samples far from the distribution, especially for the entire dataset containing noisy and class-imbalanced samples. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmarks show that FDMat can improve the performance of coreset selection than existing coreset methods.

Feature Distribution Matching by Optimal Transport for Effective and Robust Coreset Selection | VIDEO

Numerous studies have investigated the pivotal role of reliable 3D volume representation in scene perception tasks, such as multi-view stereo (MVS) and semantic scene completion (SSC). They typically construct 3D probability volumes directly with geometric correspondence, attempting to fully address the scene perception tasks in a single forward pass. However, such a single-step solution makes it hard to learn accurate and convincing volumetric probability, especially in challenging regions like unexpected occlusions and complicated light reflections. Therefore, this paper proposes to decompose the complicated 3D volume representation learning into a sequence of generative steps to facilitate fine and reliable scene perception. Considering the recent advances achieved by strong generative diffusion models, we introduce a multi-step learning framework, dubbed as VPD, dedicated to progressively refining the Volumetric Probability in a Diffusion process. Specifically, we first build a coarse probability volume from input images with the off-the-shelf scene perception baselines, which is then conditioned as the basic geometry prior before being fed into a 3D diffusion UNet, to progressively achieve accurate probability distribution modeling. To handle the corner cases in challenging areas, a Confidence-Aware Contextual Collaboration (CACC) module is developed to correct the uncertain regions for reliable volumetric learning based on multi-scale contextual contents. Moreover, an Online Filtering (OF) strategy is designed to maintain representation consistency for stable diffusion sampling. Extensive experiments are conducted on scene perception tasks including multi-view stereo (MVS) and semantic scene completion (SSC), to validate the efficacy of our method in learning reliable volumetric representations. Notably, for the SSC task, our work stands out as the first to surpass LiDAR-based methods on the SemanticKITTI dataset.

Downloads

Next from AAAI 2024

Statistical Spatially Inhomogeneous Diffusion Inference

Similar lecture

Policy-Adaptive Estimator Selection for Off-Policy Evaluation

.css-70qvj9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}Downloads

Next from AAAI 2024

Statistical Spatially Inhomogeneous Diffusion Inference

Similar lecture

Policy-Adaptive Estimator Selection for Off-Policy Evaluation

Downloads