Canada

Large language Models (LLMs), though growing exceedingly powerful, comprises of orders of magnitude less neurons and synapses than the human brain. However, it requires significantly more power/energy to operate. In this work, we propose a novel bio-inspired spiking language model (LM) which aims to reduce the computational cost of conventional LMs by drawing motivation from the synaptic information flow in the brain. In this paper, we demonstrate a framework that leverages the average spiking rate of neurons at equilibrium to train a neuromorphic spiking LM using implicit differentiation technique, thereby overcoming the non-differentiability problem of spiking neural network (SNN) based algorithms without using any type of surrogate gradient. The steady-state convergence of the spiking neurons also allows us to design a spiking attention mechanism, which is critical in developing a scalable spiking LM. Moreover, the convergence of average spiking rate of neurons at equilibrium is utilized to develop a novel ANN-SNN knowledge distillation based technique wherein we use a pre-trained BERT model as “teacher” to train our “student” spiking architecture. While the primary architecture proposed in this paper is motivated by BERT, the technique can be potentially extended to different kinds of LLMs. Our work is the first one to demonstrate the performance of an operational spiking LM architecture on multiple different tasks in the GLUE benchmark. Our implementation source code is available at https://github.com/NeuroCompLab-psu/SpikingBERT.

AAAI 2024

SpikingBERT: Distilling BERT to Train Spiking Language Models Using Implicit Differentiation

"cms: other foundations of cognitive modeling & systems"

"snlp: language models"

"ml: bio-inspired learning"

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-24), which will be held in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Vancouver Convention Centre – West Building from 20-27 February, 2024.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-24 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

We expect for AAAI-24 to be an in-person conference – one author of all accepted papers will be expected to present work in person unless there are exceptional circumstances that prevent this.<br><br><br><br>

In order to access the AAAI-24 event page you need to register [here](https://aaai.org/aaai-conference/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

technical paper

In practical compressed sensing (CS), the obtained measurements typically necessitate quantization to a limited number of bits prior to transmission or storage. This nonlinear quantization process poses significant recovery challenges, particularly with extreme coarse quantization such as 1-bit. Recently, an efficient algorithm called QCS-SGM was proposed for quantized CS (QCS) which utilizes score-based generative models (SGM) as an implicit prior. Due to the adeptness of SGM in capturing the intricate structures of natural signals, QCS-SGM substantially outperforms previous QCS methods. However, QCS-SGM is constrained to (approximately) row-orthogonal sensing matrices as the computation of the likelihood score becomes intractable otherwise. To address this limitation, we introduce an advanced variant of QCS-SGM, termed QCS-SGM+, capable of handling general matrices effectively. The key idea is a Bayesian inference perspective on the likelihood score computation, wherein expectation propagation is employed for its approximate computation.   Extensive experiments are conducted, demonstrating the substantial superiority of QCS-SGM+ over QCS-SGM for general sensing matrices beyond mere row-orthogonality.

QCS-SGM+: Improved Quantized Compressed Sensing with Score-Based Generative Models

Probabilities of causation are proven to be critical in modern decision-making. This paper deals with the problem of estimating the probabilities of causation when treatment and effect are not binary. Pearl defined the binary probabilities of causation, such as the probability of necessity and sufficiency (PNS), the probability of sufficiency (PS), and the probability of necessity (PN). Tian and Pearl then derived sharp bounds for these probabilities of causation using experimental and observational data. In this paper, we define and provide theoretical bounds for all types of probabilities of causation with multivalued treatments and effects. We further discuss examples where our bounds guide practical decisions and use simulation studies to evaluate how informative the bounds are for various data combinations.

Probabilities of Causation with Nonbinary Treatment and Effect

Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) model has exhibited remarkable efficacy in establishing cross-modal connections between texts and images, yielding impressive
performance across a broad spectrum of downstream applications through fine-tuning. However, for generalization tasks, the current fine-tuning methods for CLIP, such as CoOp and
CoCoOp, demonstrate relatively low performance on some fine-grained datasets. We recognize the underlying reason is that these previous methods only projected global features
into the prompt, neglecting the various visual concepts, such as colors, shapes, and sizes, which are naturally transferable
across domains and play a crucial role in generalization tasks. To address this issue, in this work, we propose
Concept-Guided Prompt Learning (CPL) for vision-language models. Specifically, we leverage the well-learned knowledge
of CLIP to create a visual concept cache to enable conceptguided prompting. In order to refine the text features, we further
develop a projector that transforms multi-level visual features into text features. We observe that this concept-guided
prompt learning approach is able to achieve enhanced consistency between visual and linguistic modalities. Extensive
experimental results demonstrate that our CPL method significantly improves generalization capabilities compared to
the current state-of-the-art methods.

Concept-Guided Prompt Learning for Generalization in Vision-Language Models

Cross-view geo-localization holds significant potential for various applications, but drastic differences in viewpoints and visual appearances between cross-view images make this task extremely challenging. Recent works have made notable progress in cross-view geo-localization. However, existing methods either ignore the correspondence between geometric
spatial layout in cross-view images or require high costs or strict constraints to achieve such alignment. In response to these challenges, we propose a Feature Recombination Module
(FRM) that explicitly establishes the geometric spatial layout correspondences between two views. Unlike existing methods, FRM aligns geometric spatial layout by directly recombining
features, avoiding image preprocessing, and introducing no additional computational and parameter costs. This effectively reduces ambiguities caused by geometric misalignments
between ground-level and aerial-level images. Furthermore, it is not sensitive to frameworks and applies to both CNN-based and Transformer-based architectures. Additionally, as part of the training procedure, we also introduce a novel weighted (B+1)-tuple loss (WBL) as optimization objective. Compared to the widely used weighted soft margin ranking loss, this innovative loss enhances convergence speed and final performance. Based on the two core components (FRM and WBL), we develop an end-to-end network architecture (FRGeo) to address these limitations from a different perspective. Extensive experiments show that our proposed FRGeo not only achieves state-of-the-art performance on cross-view geo-localization benchmarks, including CVUSA, CVACT, and VIGOR, but also is significantly superior or competitive in terms of computational complexity and trainable parameters. Our project homepage is at https://zqwlearning.github.io/FRGeo.

Aligning Geometric Spatial Layout in Cross-View Geo-Localization via Feature Recombination | VIDEO

Recently, learning urban region representations utilizing multi-modal data (information views) has become increasingly popular, for deep understanding of the distributions of various socioeconomic features in cities. However, previous methods usually blend multi-view information in a posteriors stage, falling short in learning coherent and consistent representations across different views. In this paper, we form a new pipeline to learn consistent representations across varying views, and propose the multi-view Contrastive Prediction model for urban Region embedding (ReCP), which leverages the multiple information views from point-of-interest (POI) and human mobility data. Specifically, ReCP comprises two major modules, namely an intra-view learning module utilizing contrastive learning and feature reconstruction to capture the unique information from each single view, and inter-view learning module that perceives the consistency between the two views using a contrastive prediction learning scheme. We conduct thorough experiments on two downstream tasks to assess the proposed model, i.e., land use clustering and region popularity prediction. The experimental results demonstrate that our model outperforms state-of-the-art baseline methods significantly in urban region representation learning.

Urban Region Embedding via Multi-View Contrastive Prediction

Most recent state-of-the-art algorithms for handling noisy label problems are  based on the memorization effect, which is a phenomenon that deep neural networks (DNNs) memorize clean data before noisy ones. While the memorization effect can be a powerful tool, there are several cases where memorization effect does not occur. Examples are imbalanced class distributions and heavy contamination on labels. To address this limitation, we introduce a whole new approach called the interpolation with the over-fitted model (IOFM), which leverages over-fitted deep neural networks. The IOFM utilizes a new finding of over-fitted DNNs: for a given training sample, its neighborhoods chosen from the feature space are distributed differently on the original input space depending on the cleanness of the target sample. The IOFM has notable features in two aspects: 1) it yields superior results even when the training data are imbalanced or heavily noisy, 2) since we utilize over-fitted deep neural networks, a fine-tuning procedure to select the optimal training epoch, which is an essential yet sensitive factor for the success of the memorization effect, is not required, and thus, the IOFM can be used for non-experts. Through extensive experiments, we show that our method can serve as a promising alternative to existing solutions dealing with noisy labels, offering improved performance even in challenging situations.

IOFM: Using the Interpolation Technique on the Over-Fitted Models to Identify Clean-Annotated Samples

A basic algorithm for enumerating disjoint propositional models (disjoint AllSAT) is based on adding blocking clauses incrementally, ruling out previously found models. On the one hand, blocking clauses have the potential to reduce the number of generated models exponentially, as they can handle partial models. On the other hand, the introduction of a large number of blocking clauses affects memory consumption and drastically slows down unit propagation. 
 We propose a new approach that allows for enumerating disjoint partial models with no need for blocking clauses by integrating: Conflict-Driven Clause-Learning (CDCL), Chronological Backtracking (CB), and methods for shrinking models (Implicant Shrinking). Experiments clearly show the benefits of our novel approach.

Disjoint Partial Enumeration without Blocking Clauses

Sparse recovery is ubiquitous in machine learning and signal processing. Due to the NP-hard nature of sparse recovery, existing methods are known to suffer either from restrictive (or even unknown) applicability conditions, or high computational cost. Recently, iterative regularization methods have emerged as a promising fast approach because they can achieve sparse recovery in one pass through early stopping, rather than the tedious grid-search used in the traditional methods.
However, most of those iterative methods are based on the $\ell_1$ norm which requires restrictive applicability conditions and could fail in many cases. Therefore, achieving sparse recovery with iterative regularization methods under a wider range of conditions has yet to be further explored.
To address this issue, we propose a novel iterative regularization algorithm, IRKSN, based on the $k$-support norm regularizer rather than the $\ell_1$ norm. We provide conditions for sparse recovery with IRKSN, and compare them with traditional conditions for recovery with $\ell_1$ norm regularizers. Additionally, we give an early stopping bound on the model error of IRKSN with explicit constants, achieving the standard linear rate for sparse recovery. Finally, we illustrate the applicability of our algorithm on several experiments, including a support recovery experiment with a correlated design matrix.

Iterative Regularization with K-support Norm: An Important Complement to Sparse Recovery

We propose an approach to learn a multiattribute utility function to model, explain or predict the value system of a Decision Maker. The main challenge of the modelling task is to describe human values and preferences in the presence of interacting attributes while keeping the utility function as simple as possible. We focus on the generalized additive decomposable utility model which allows interactions between attributes while preserving some additive decomposability of the evaluation model. We present a learning approach able to identify the factors of interacting attributes and to learn the utility functions defined on these factors. This approach relies on the determination of a sparse representation of the ANOVA decomposition of the multiattribute utility function using multiple kernel learning. It applies to both continuous and discrete attributes. Numerical tests are performed to demonstrate the practical efficiency of the learning approach.

Learning GAI-Decomposable Utility Models for Multiattribute Decision Making

With the rapid growth of audio data, there's a pressing need for automatic audio classification. As a type of time-series data, audio exhibits waveform fluctuations in both the time and frequency domains that evolve over time, with similar instances sharing consistent patterns. This study introduces the Audio Scanning Network (ASNet), designed to leverage abundant information for achieving stable and effective audio classification. ASNet captures real-time changes in audio waveforms across both time and frequency domains through reservoir computing, supported by Reservoir Kernel Canonical Correlation Analysis (RKCCA) to explore correlations between time-domain and frequency-domain waveform fluctuations. This innovative approach empowers ASNet to comprehensively capture the changes and inherent correlations within the audio waveform, and without the need for time-consuming iterative training. Instead of converting audio into spectrograms, ASNet directly utilizes audio feature sequences to uncover associations between time and frequency fluctuations. Experiments on environmental sound and music genre classification tasks demonstrate ASNet's comparable performance to state-of-the-art methods.

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