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Adversarial attacks constitute a notable threat to machine learning systems, given their potential to induce erroneous predictions and classifications. However, within real-world contexts, the essential specifics of the deployed model are frequently treated as a black box, consequently mitigating the vulnerability to such attacks.
Thus, enhancing the transferability of the adversarial samples has become a crucial area of research, which heavily relies on selecting appropriate surrogate models.
To address this challenge, we propose a novel approach that generates adversarial attacks in a mutual-modality optimization scheme. Our approach is accomplished by leveraging the pre-trained CLIP model. Firstly, we conduct a visual attack on the clean image that causes semantic perturbations on the aligned embedding space with the other textual modality. 
Then, we apply the corresponding defense on the textual modality by updating the prompts, which forces the re-matching on the perturbed embedding space. 
Finally, to enhance the attack transferability, we utilize the iterative training strategy on the visual attack and the textual defense, where the two processes optimize from each other.
We evaluate our approach on several benchmark datasets and demonstrate that our mutual-modal attack strategy can effectively produce high-transferable attacks, which are stable regardless of the target networks. Our approach outperforms state-of-the-art attack methods and can be readily deployed as a plug-and-play solution.

AAAI 2024

Mutual-Modality Adversarial Attack with Semantic Perturbation

ai safety

multi-modality

adversarial attack

The purpose of the AAAI conference is to promote research in artificial intelligence (AI) and scientific exchange among AI researchers, practitioners, scientists, and engineers in affiliated disciplines. 

AAAI 2022

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-24), which will be held in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Vancouver Convention Centre – West Building from 20-27 February, 2024.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-24 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

We expect for AAAI-24 to be an in-person conference – one author of all accepted papers will be expected to present work in person unless there are exceptional circumstances that prevent this.<br><br><br><br>

In order to access the AAAI-24 event page you need to register [here](https://aaai.org/aaai-conference/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

Self-supervised approaches for video have shown impressive results in video understanding tasks. However, unlike early works that leverage temporal self-supervision, current state-of-the-art methods primarily rely on tasks from the image domain (e.g., contrastive learning) that do not explicitly promote the learning of temporal features. We identify two factors that limit existing temporal self-supervision: 1) tasks are too simple, resulting in saturated training performance, and 2) we uncover shortcuts based on local appearance statistics that hinder the learning of high-level features. To address these issues, we propose 1) a more challenging reformulation of temporal self-supervision as frame-level (rather than clip-level) recognition tasks and 2) an effective augmentation strategy to mitigate shortcuts. Our model extends a representation of single video frames, pre-trained through contrastive learning, with a transformer that we train through temporal self-supervision. We demonstrate experimentally that our more challenging frame-level task formulations and the removal of shortcuts drastically improve the quality of features learned through temporal self-supervision. Our extensive experiments show state-of-the-art performance across 10 video understanding datasets, illustrating the generalization ability and robustness of our learned video representations.

No More Shortcuts: Realizing the Potential of Temporal Self-Supervision

In this paper, we present a novel Amplitude-Modulated Stochastic Perturbation and Vortex Convolutional Network, AMSP-UOD, designed for underwater object detection. AMSP-UOD specifically addresses the impact of non-ideal imaging factors on detection accuracy in complex underwater environments. To mitigate the influence of noise on object detection performance, we propose AMSP Vortex Convolution (AMSP-VConv) to disrupt the noise distribution, enhance feature extraction capabilities, effectively reduce parameters, and improve network robustness. We design the Feature Association Decoupling Cross Stage Partial (FAD-CSP) module, which strengthens the association of long and short range features, improving the network performance in complex underwater environments. Additionally, our sophisticated post-processing method, based on non-maximum suppression with aspect-ratio similarity thresholds, optimizes detection in dense scenes, such as waterweed and schools of fish, improving object detection accuracy. Extensive experiments on the URPC and RUOD datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and noise immunity. AMSP-UOD proposes an innovative solution with the potential for real-world applications. Our code is available at https://github.com/zhoujingchun03/AMSP-UOD.

AMSP-UOD: When Vortex Convolution and Stochastic Perturbation Meet Underwater Object Detection

Incomplete Multiple Kernel Clustering algorithms, which aim to learn a common latent representation from pre-constructed incomplete multiple kernels from the original data, followed by k-means for clustering. They have
attracted intensive attention due to their high computational efficiency. However, our observation reveals that the imputation of these approaches for each kernel ignores the influence of other incomplete kernels. In light of this, we present a novel method called Low-Rank Kernel Tensor Learning for Incomplete Multiple Views Clustering (LRKT-IMVC) to address the above issue. Specifically, LRKT-IMVC first introduces the concept of kernel tensor to explore the inter-view correlations, and then the low-rank kernel tensor constraint is used to further capture the consistency information to impute missing kernel elements, thereby improving the quality of clustering. Moreover, we carefully design an alternative optimization method with promising convergence to solve the resulting optimization problem. The proposed method is compared with recent advances in experiments with different missing ratios on seven well-known datasets, demonstrating its effectiveness and the advantages of the proposed interpolation method.

Low-Rank Kernel Tensor Learning for Incomplete Multi-View Clustering

Multi-modal person re-identification (ReID) seeks to mitigate challenging lighting conditions by incorporating diverse modalities. Most existing multi-modal ReID methods concentrate on leveraging complementary multi-modal information via fusion or interaction. However, the relationships among heterogeneous modalities and the domain traits of unlabeled test data are rarely explored. In this paper, we propose a Heterogeneous Test-time Training (HTT) framework for multi-modal person ReID. We first propose a Cross-identity Inter-modal Margin (CIM) loss to amplify the differentiation among distinct identity samples. Moreover, we design a Multi-modal Test-time Training (MTT) strategy to enhance the generalization of the model by leveraging the relationships in the heterogeneous modalities and the information existing in the test data. Specifically, in the training stage, we utilize the CIM loss to further enlarge the distance between anchor and negative by forcing the inter-modal distance to maintain the margin, resulting in an enhancement of the discriminative capacity of the ultimate descriptor. Subsequently, since the test data contains characteristics of the target domain, we adapt the MTT strategy to optimize the network before the inference by using self-supervised tasks designed based on relationships among modalities. Experimental results on benchmark multi-modal ReID datasets RGBNT201, Market1501-MM, RGBN300, and RGBNT100 validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The codes can be found at aihuazheng.github.io.

Heterogeneous Test-Time Training for Multi-Modal Person Re-identification

Depth map super-resolution (DSR) plays an indispensable
role in 3D vision. We discover an non-trivial spectral phe-
nomenon: the components of high-resolution (HR) and low-
resolution (LR) depth maps manifest the same intrinsic phase,
and the spectral phase of RGB is a superset of them, which
suggests that a phase-aware filter can assist in the precise
use of RGB cues. Motivated by this, we propose an intrinsic
phase-preserving DSR paradigm, named IPPNet, to fully ex-
ploit inter-modality collaboration in a mutually guided way.
In a nutshell, a novel Phase-Preserving Filtering Module
(PPFM) is developed to generate dynamic phase-aware fil-
ters according to the LR depth flow to filter out erroneous
noisy components contained in RGB and then conduct depth
enhancement via the modulation of the phase-preserved RGB
signal. By stacking multiple PPFM blocks, the proposed IPP-
Net is capable of reaching a highly competitive restoration
performance. Extensive experiments on various benchmark
datasets, e.g., NYU v2, RGB-D-D, reach SOTA performance
and also well demonstrate the validity of the proposed phase-
preserving scheme.

Intrinsic Phase-Preserving Networks for Depth Super Resolution

Class-agnostic motion prediction methods aim to comprehend motion within open-world scenarios, holding significance for autonomous driving systems. However, training a high-performance model in a fully-supervised manner always requires substantial amounts of manually annotated data, which can be both expensive and time-consuming to obtain. To address this challenge, our study explores the potential of semi-supervised learning (SSL) for class-agnostic motion prediction. Our SSL framework adopts a consistency-based self-training paradigm, enabling the model to learn from unlabeled data by generating pseudo labels through test-time inference. To improve the quality of pseudo labels, we propose a novel motion selection and re-generation module. This module effectively selects reliable pseudo labels and re-generates unreliable ones. Furthermore, we propose two data augmentation strategies: temporal sampling and BEVMix. These strategies facilitate consistency regularization in SSL. Experiments conducted on nuScenes demonstrate that our SSL method can surpass the self-supervised approach by a large margin by utilizing only a tiny fraction of labeled data. Furthermore, our method exhibits comparable performance to  weakly and some fully supervised methods. These results highlight the ability of our method to strike a favorable balance between annotation costs and performance. Code will be available at https://github.com/kwwcv/SSMP.

Semi-supervised Class-Agnostic Motion Prediction with Pseudo Label Regeneration and BEVMix

Clustering methods achieve performance improvement by jointly learning representation and cluster assignment. However, they do not consider the confidence of pseudo-labels which are not optimal as supervised information, resulting into error accumulation. To address this issue, we propose a Robust Pseudo-labeling for Semantic Clustering (RPSC) approach, which includes two stages. In the first stage (RPSC-Self), we design a semantic pseudo-labeling scheme by using the consistency of samples, i.e., samples with same semantics should be close to each other in the embedding space. To exploit robust semantic pseudo-labels for self-supervised learning, we propose a soft contrastive loss (SCL) which encourage the model to believe high-confidence sematic pseudo-labels and be less driven by low-confidence pseudo-labels. In the second stage (RPSC-Semi), we first determine the semantic pseudo-label of a sample based on the distance between itself and cluster centers, followed by screening out reliable semantic pseudo-label by exploiting the consistency. These reliable pseudo-labels are used as supervised information in the pseudo-semi-supervised learning algorithm to further improve the performance. Experimental results show that RPSC outperforms 18 competitive clustering algorithms significantly on six challenging image benchmarks. In particular, RPSC achieves an accuracy of 0.688 on ImageNet-Dogs, which is an up to 24% improvement, compared with the second-best method. Meanwhile, we conduct ablation studies to investigate effects of different augmented strategies on RPSC as well as contributions of terms in SCL to clustering performance. Besides, experimental results indicate that SCL can be easily integrated into existing clustering methods and bring performance improvement.

RPSC: Robust Pseudo-Labeling for Semantic Clustering

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a promising solution to perform deep learning on different data owners without exchanging raw data. However, non-IID data has been a key challenge in FL, which could significantly degrade the accuracy of the final model. Among different non-IID types, label skews have been challenging and common in image classification and other tasks. Instead of averaging the local models in most previous studies, we propose FedConcat, a simple and effective approach that concatenates these local models as the base of the global model to effectively aggregate the local knowledge. To reduce the size of the global model, we adopt the clustering technique to group the clients by their label distributions and collaboratively train a model inside each cluster. We theoretically analyze the advantage of concatenation over averaging by analyzing the information bottleneck of deep neural networks. Experimental results demonstrate that FedConcat achieves significantly higher accuracy than previous state-of-the-art FL methods in various heterogeneous label skew distribution settings and meanwhile has lower communication costs. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/sjtudyq/FedConcat.

Exploiting Label Skews in Federated Learning with Model Concatenation | VIDEO

Distributed learning frameworks aim to train global models by sharing gradients among clients while preserving the data privacy of each individual client. However, extensive research has demonstrated that these learning frameworks do not absolutely ensure the privacy, as training data can be reconstructed from shared gradients. Nevertheless, the existing privacy-breaking attack methods have certain limitations. Some are applicable only to small models, while others can only recover images in small batch size and low resolutions, or with low fidelity. Furthermore, when there are some data with the same label in a training batch, existing attack methods usually perform poorly. In this work, we successfully address the limitations of existing attacks by two steps. Firstly, we model the coefficient of variation (CV) of features and design an evolutionary algorithm based on the minimum CV to accurately reconstruct the labels of all training data. After that, we propose a stepwise gradient inversion attack, which dynamically adapts the objective function, thereby effectively and rationally promoting the convergence of attack results towards an optimal solution. With these two steps, our method is able to recover high resolution images (224*224 pixel, from ImageNet and Web) with high fidelity in distributed learning scenarios involving complex models and larger batch size. Experiment results demonstrate the superiority of our approach, reveal the potential vulnerabilities of the distributed learning paradigm, and emphasize the necessity of developing more secure mechanisms. Source code is available at https://github.com/MiLab-HITSZ/2023YeHFGradInv.

High-Fidelity Gradient Inversion in Distributed Learning | VIDEO

This work presents an effective depth-consistency \textbf{Self}-\textbf{Prom}pt Transform\textbf{er}, terms as \textbf{SelfPromer}, for image dehazing. It is motivated by an observation that the estimated depths of an image with haze residuals and its clear counterpart vary. Enforcing the depth consistency of dehazed images with clear ones, therefore, is essential for dehazing. For this purpose, we develop a prompt based on the features of depth differences between the hazy input images and corresponding clear counterparts that can guide dehazing models for better restoration. Specifically, we first apply deep features extracted from the input images to the depth difference features for generating the prompt that contains the haze residual information in the input. Then we propose a prompt embedding module that is designed to perceive the haze residuals, by linearly adding the prompt to the deep features. Further, we develop an effective prompt attention module to pay more attention to haze residuals for better removal. By incorporating the prompt, prompt embedding, and prompt attention into an encoder-decoder network based on VQGAN, we can achieve better perception quality. As the depths of clear images are not available at inference, and the dehazed images with one-time feed-forward execution may still contain a portion of haze residuals, we propose a new continuous self-prompt inference that can iteratively correct the dehazing model towards better haze-free image generation. Extensive experiments show that our SelfPromer performs favorably against the state-of-the-art approaches on both synthetic and real-world datasets in terms of perception metrics including NIQE, PI, and PIQE. The source codes will be made available at https://github.com/supersupercong/SelfPromer.

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