Indonesia

Prior work has shown that the ordering in which concepts are shown to a commonsense generator plays an important role, affecting the quality of the generated sentence. However, it remains a challenge to determine the optimal ordering of a given set of concepts such that a natural sentence covering all the concepts could be generated from a pretrained generator. To understand the relationship between the ordering of the input concepts and the quality of the generated sentences, we conduct a systematic study considering multiple language models (LMs) and concept ordering strategies. We find that BART-large model consistently outperforms all other LMs considered in this study when fine-tuned using the ordering of concepts as they appear in CommonGen training data as measured using multiple evaluation metrics. Moreover, the larger GPT3-based large language models (LLMs) variants do not necessarily outperform much smaller LMs on this task, even when fine-tuned on task-specific training data. Interestingly, human annotators significantly reorder input concept sets when manually writing sentences covering those concepts, and this ordering provides the best sentence generations independently of the LM used for the generation, outperforming a probabilistic concept ordering baseline.

IJCNLP-AACL 2023

Learning to Predict Concept Ordering for Common Sense Generation

## Welcome to 2024 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics!
This year, the conference is in Mexico City. NAACL was actually already planned for Mexico City in 2021, but due to the pandemic the entire conference was moved online. This year, finally, we get to go! So it is my sincere pleasure to welcome you to Mexico City, whether in person or virtually. Having the conference in Mexico City is a good opportunity to emphasize that NAACL is our flagship conference for ACL members not only in North America but also in Central and South America, even though NAACL has been bearing “North” in its name. At this year’s conference, we have a theme to match, with a theme track on the Languages of Latin America to showcase the linguistic diversity of the region.
 
The opportunity to present at NAACL should not depend on a researcher’s travel budget, or their family status. This is why it is so important to make virtual participation at NAACL as good an experience as possible – but we want to also provide a good experience for in-person participants. As a community, we are still working out the best way to do that. This year at NAACL, we are trying out a big virtual poster session ahead of the conference, with the hope that this will make make for a lively and interactive experience. At the same time, we are reducing virtual oral presentations, which seem to be particularly tricky to make to work well. A big thanks to the NAACL program chairs and to Luciana Benotti for all their ideas and work to improve the virtual experience. And participants, virtual as well as in-person: Please let us know what worked for you and what didn’t, so we can continue to improve hybrid conferences. 
 
I have been lucky to work with many amazing people. Without their insight, dedication and patience, and without the many hours of work they put in, NAACL would not have been possible. A huge thank you to the program chairs Helena Gomez, Kevin Duh, and Steve Bethard – you are the best! 
 
Finally, I would like to thank all authors, invited speakers and panelists, area chairs and reviewers, the volunteers organizing and chairing sessions, and all attendees, in-person and virtual. Thank you for helping us make NAACL 2024 come to life. 
 
Welcome and hope you all enjoy the conference! 
Katrin Erk 
The University of Texas at Austin 
NAACL-2024 General Chair 
*You can read the full Welcome message in the [Conference Handbook (downloadable)](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1H1NvW0VASQjkSCYgw3mr-3l4yYDSxz6B/view?usp=sharing)*

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NAACL 2024

2024 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

poster

### Welcome to IJCNLP-AACL 2023!
I am honored and happy to welcome you to IJCNLP-AACL 2023! The conference hosts both the 13th
International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP) and the 3rd Conference of
the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (AACL). 
The joint conferences of IJCNLP and AACL have been organized by alternating leadership in the
Asia-Pacific region, in odd years by Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP) and
in even years by AACL. The conference is organized by AFNLP this year. 

Considering the current situation that we are not yet fully over the coronavirus pandemic, the
conference is offered in a hybrid mode, off-line in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia, and on-line with the help
of Underline, during November 1-4, 2023. For those attending off-line, I hope that you will find time to
explore the exciting local area, which remains quite warm and pleasant at this time of the year. For
those attending on-line, I hope that the attendance is not much hampered, sometimes even enhanced
and comfortable, though the on-line arrangements have been made without ample time. 

Message from Jong C. Park, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 
IJCNLP-AACL 2023 General Chair 
###### [Conference Handbook](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S2JSXa105xJxIkNBfhYmGH20Om6wARBx/view?usp=sharing)

In order to acces this event page, you need to register [here](http://www.ijcnlp-aacl2023.org/)

The 13th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing and the 3rd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

The escalating volume and frequency of social media complaints necessitate robust automated complaint analysis techniques. Much of the existing body of research in this area has been devoted to two primary aspects: identifying complaint-specific content amidst other non-complaint communications, and predicting the severity of a complaint, which involves classifying complaints into different severity levels based on the anticipated resolution from the complainant's perspective. These automated analysis tools equip companies with the means to effectively manage complaints and generate suitable responses. In our study, we present a unified generative approach for complaint detection, transforming the multitask learning problem into a text-to-text generation task. As part of our training strategy, we adopt the Seq2Path training paradigm that conceptualizes the outcome as a tree structure as opposed to a traditional sequence. This innovative approach tackles the drawbacks of conventional sequences, such as the lack of order among the outputs, yielding a more coherent and structured output. Our model's effectiveness is assessed against the benchmark \textit{Complaints} dataset, highlighting its superior performance across diverse evaluation metrics when compared with state-of-the-art models and other baselines.

Reimagining Complaint Analysis: Adopting Seq2Path for a Generative Text-to-Text Framework

Having heard "a pimwit", English-speakers assume that "the pimwit" is also possible. This type of productivity is attributed to syntactic categories such as NOUN and DETERMINER, but the key question is how do humans become endowed with these categories in the first place. We propose a novel approach that combines corpus analysis with computational modeling to analyze the productivity of DETERMINER+NOUN constructions in child-produced utterances. Our experiments on two corpora of child-adult interactions using two different methods of quantifying linguistic productivity show that children do not display productivity at early stages. Using a model trained on child-directed utterances, we simulate children's developmental trajectory with great precision, suggesting that the emergence of productivity in human language can be explained without the need to postulate a priori access to syntactic categories.

Linguistic Productivity: the Case of Determiners in English

Volatility, a crucial statistical measure in the financial market, serves as an indicator of financial instrument risk. Accurate volatility capture aids in predicting stock movements and is valuable in derivative trading, such as options trading. While recent research focuses on volatility forecasting using earnings call transcriptions, most approaches rely on end-to-end models that directly process textual or vocal data. However, limited efforts have been made to simulate the reading and comprehension processes of financial professionals, thereby enhancing the capabilities of language models. To address this gap, we propose a general numeral attachment dataset designed to train language models to understand earnings calls with the expertise of professionals. Additionally, we introduce a pre-training process that improves the semantic understanding of earnings calls. Experimental results demonstrate that our pre-trained language model enhances the accuracy of 3-day volatility forecasting.

Enhancing Volatility Forecasting in Financial Markets: A General Numeral Attachment Dataset for Understanding Earnings Calls

Critical error detection (CED) aims to identify the presence of catastrophic meaning distortion in machine translation. Fatal errors require significant attention because of their potential to cause personal or societal harm. The CED for Korean, an agglutinative language, is particularly highlighted, as minor variations in morphemes often bring substantial shifts in semantic interpretation. However, research on Korean is still underexplored and has room for improvement. In this study, we conduct the first investigation of CED for English-Korean to the best of our knowledge. We adopt prompt-based fine-tuning and propose various informative evidence to incorporate into the input prompt. Subsequently, we perform comprehensive verification and analysis to identify the most helpful guidance for detecting critical errors. The experimental results show that prompt-based fine-tuning with informative evidence outperforms standard fine-tuning by a large margin, demonstrating its remarkable effectiveness in English-Korean CED.

Informative Evidence-guided Prompt-based Fine-tuning for English-Korean Critical Error Detection

Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a principled framework for optimizing a given reward function and has been applied to a neural machine translation (NMT) problem to maximize arbitrary task metrics. However, previously adopted RL algorithms for NMT (e.g., policy gradient) are generally slow as they require online data collection, and limits the algorithm's applicability to specific reward functions that can be evaluated online.
In this paper, we present an offline RL algorithm called CER (conservative expectile regression). Despite the demanding nature of offline RL tasks, which are even more difficult with large models, this algorithm is capable to learn stably by explicitly exploiting the properties of NMT's RL formulation, such as the deterministic transition function. We analyze and discuss the design choices of CER, and demonstrate in the experiments that the proposed method outperforms its competitors for offline reward optimization in NMT.

Improving Neural Machine Translation with Offline Evaluations

Since the popularization of BiLSTMs and Transformer-based bidirectional encoders, state-of-the-art syntactic parsers have lacked incrementality, requiring access to the whole sentence and deviating from human language processing. This paper explores whether fully incremental dependency parsing with modern architectures can be competitive. We build parsers combining strictly left-to-right neural encoders with fully incremental sequence-labeling and transition-based decoders. The results show that fully incremental parsing with modern architectures considerably lags behind bidirectional parsing, noting the challenges of psycholinguistically plausible parsing.

On the Challenges of Fully Incremental Neural Dependency Parsing

Counterspeech can be an effective method for battling hateful content on social media. Automated counterspeech generation can aid in this process. Generated counterspeech, however, can be viable only when grounded in the context of topic, audience and sensitivity as these factors influence both the efficacy and appropriateness. In this work, we propose a novel framework based on theories of discourse to model inferential links of the context. Within this framework, we propose: i) a taxonomy of counterspeech derived from discourse frameworks, and ii) discourse-informed prompting strategies for generating contextually-grounded counterspeech. To construct and validate this framework, we present a process for collecting an in-the-wild dataset of counterspeech from Reddit. Using this process, we manually annotate a dataset of 3.9k Reddit comment pairs for the presence of hatespeech and counterspeech. The positive pairs are annotated for 10 classes in our proposed taxonomy. We annotate these pairs with style-transferred counterparts to remove offensiveness and first-person references. We show that by using our dataset and framework, large language models can generate contextually-grounded counterspeech informed by theories of discourse. According to our human evaluation, our approaches can act as a safeguard against critical failures of discourse-agnostic models.

DisCGen: A Framework for Discourse-Informed Counterspeech Generation

We report a problem that one faces when using ChatGPT in similar languages, taking Malay and Indonesian as examples: ChatGPT often responds to prompts in Malay (the language with fewer speakers) in Indonesian (the language with more speakers). We examined ChatGPT's identification (LangID) ability to find out whether this language choice problem arises from LangID errors. The results show that LangID errors alone cannot explain the problem's severity. By comparing the patterns of responses to Malay prompts and those to Javanese prompts, we conclude that the problem happens mainly because ChatGPT does not treat Malay and Indonesian equally as distinct languages. Rather, it behaves as if Malay were a non-standard variety of Indonesian. We also discuss social issues the language choice problem causes and possible solutions to them.

Issues Surrounding the Use of ChatGPT in Similar Languages: The Case of Malay and Indonesian

The rapid proliferation of AI-generated text online is profoundly reshaping the information landscape. Among various types of AI-generated text, AI-generated news presents a significant threat as it can be a prominent source of misinformation online. While several recent efforts have focused on detecting AI-generated text in general, these methods require enhanced reliability, given concerns about their vulnerability to simple adversarial attacks. Furthermore, due to the eccentricities of news writing, applying these detection methods for AI-generated news can produce false positives, potentially damaging the reputation of news organizations. To address these challenges, we leverage the expertise of an interdisciplinary team to develop a framework, J-Guard, capable of steering existing supervised AI text detectors for detecting AI-generated news while boosting adversarial robustness. By incorporating stylistic cues inspired by the unique journalistic attributes, J-Guard effectively distinguishes between real-world journalism and AI-generated news articles. Our experiments on news articles generated by a vast array of AI models, including ChatGPT (GPT3.5), demonstrate the effectiveness of J-Guard in enhancing detection capabilities while maintaining an average performance decrease of as low as 7% when faced with adversarial attacks.

J-Guard: Journalism Guided Adversarially Robust Detection of AI-generated News

In Natural Language Processing (NLP) classification tasks such as topic categorisation and sentiment analysis, model generalizability is generally measured with standard metrics such as Accuracy, F-Measure, or AUC-ROC. The diversity of metrics, and the arbitrariness of their application suggest that there is no agreement within NLP on a single best metric to use. This lack suggests there has not been sufficient examination of the underlying heuristics which each metric encodes. To address this we compare several standard classification metrics with more 'exotic' metrics and demonstrate that a random-guess normalised Informedness metric is a parsimonious baseline for task performance. To show how important the choice of metric is, we perform extensive experiments on a wide range of NLP tasks including a synthetic scenario, natural language understanding, question answering and machine translation. Across these tasks we use a superset of metrics to rank models and find that Informedness best captures the ideal model characteristics. Finally, we release a Python implementation of Informedness following the SciKitLearn classifier format.

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