United States

Background
The reimbursement landscape for infectious diseases is constantly evolving. In recent years, there have been significant changes in Medicare reimbursement for infectious disease procedures. These changes have had a major impact on infectious disease specialists, who may be disproportionately affected by changes in reimbursement in certain regions, which could have implications for access to care. Previous research has not examined these fluctuations especially in different geographic regions. Thus, our study analyzed Medicare reimbursement changes from 2013 to 2023 for all U.S. states and territories. We also explored the relationship between these changes and select social determinants of health (SDOH).
Methods
Medicare Administrative Contractor codes for the top 50 infectious disease procedures were used to identify states using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Physician Fee Schedule. Each price was adjusted for inflation using the consumer price index and weighted using an index of codes. A total percent change was generated for each state or territory. State-based data for various SDOH were used to calculate a correlation coefficient with geographic changes in
reimbursement (statistical significance factored with α of 0.05).
Results
From 2013 to 2023, the inflation-adjusted Medicare reimbursement for the top-grossing infectious disease procedures for U.S. states and territories decreased by a mean and median of 24.8% and 25.0%, respectively. The greatest total decrease was experienced by Illinois (-29.0%), Wyoming (-26.8%), Kansas (-26.8%), and Wisconsin (-26.6%). Massachusetts (-22.5%), New York (-22.3%), Washington (-19.8%), and Puerto Rico (-14.2%) were states that had the lowest change over the ten-year period. Some of the top grossing procedures (Current Procedural Terminology code) and their yearly percent change included critical care for the first 30-74 minutes of instance(99291, -197.2%), debridement of subcutaneous tissue for the first 20 cm2 or less(11042, -197.0%), transitional care management with high medical decision complexity(99496, -197.0%), and removal of central venous catheter without subcutaneous port or pump (36589, -197.0%).
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that over the past ten years, Medicare reimbursement for infectious disease procedures has decreased in many regions of the United States. These findings have important implications for access to care. Decreased reimbursement may make it more difficult for infectious disease specialists to provide care in certain regions, which could lead to longer wait times and decreased
access to care for patients. Policymakers should consider and develop strategies to address these geographic disparities. This could include providing financial assistance to infectious disease practices or expanding access to telehealth services.

AMA Research Challenge 2023

The Impact of Geography on Medicare Reimbursement for Infectious Diseases: A 10-Year Analysis

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Background: America is in the midst of an epidemic of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Between 2020-2021, the CDC reported a 32% increase in the incidence of primary/secondary (early) syphilis with underserved and marginalized communities predominantly affected. Treponemal central nervous system (CNS) invasion is estimated to occur in approximately 25-60% of cases, however, the current standard of care for early syphilis does not achieve CNS clearance. This raises concern for a preventable burden of neurologic morbidity secondary to treponemal CNS persistence and subsequent neurosyphilis. Our central hypothesis is that individuals with history of syphilis infection will experience greater odds of neurologic morbidity relative to their uninfected counterparts. 

Methods: An FQHC-based, preliminary 10-year retrospective analysis (01/2013-12/31/2022) of deidentified electronic medical records (EMR) was undertaken in summer of 2023. The exposure of interest consisted of grouped ICD-10 codes representative of early syphilis infection with neurologic outcomes defined as ICD-10 diagnoses reflective of the principle clinical manifestations of neurosyphilis. Unadjusted, bivariate analysis was performed for preliminary assessment of exposure-outcome association.

Results: 3,711,053 EMR from an academic health system were included in final analysis. 5,981 patients were found to have a diagnosis of syphilis. Patients with syphilis exposure had significantly higher odds for stroke (OR = 5.14; 95%CI = 4.71-5.61), dementia (OR = 20.68 ; 95%CI = 19.27–22.19 ), sensorineural hearing loss (OR= 5.75; 95% CI= 5.07-6.2), and blindness (OR= 15.74 ; 95%CI = 14.31-16.54) relative to unexposed patients. 

Conclusion: Syphilis infection was associated with significantly increased odds of neurologic morbidity across all representative outcome measures queried. These data are concerning as they suggest a clinically significant limitation to the current standard of care for early syphilis. We plan to more rigorously evaluate our hypothesis in a follow-up study that will utilize regression analysis to determine the independent effect of syphilis exposure adjusting for multiple confounders.


An Imitation Game: Syphilis Infection and Increased Odds of Neurologic Morbidity

Instagram is the most downloaded app globally, with billions of active users. Instagram has evolved to encompass several categories of posts, including advertisements. Users below the age of 24 make up 38.6% of total Instagram users, and the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends counseling patients about decreasing the risk of skin cancer by minimizing exposure to ultraviolet radiations, especially for ages 6 months to 24 years. Users are more likely to connect with advertisements in which they feel represented; therefore, it is important that the sun protection (SP) advertisements on the application are inclusive of all races and genders. The purpose of our study was to analyze the quality of advertisements on the Instagram profiles of common SP brands. The thirty most recent product-related posts on Instagram profiles of common SP brands were analyzed. Results revealed Fitzpatrick skin types IV-VI are poorly represented in the Instagram posts of SP brands, totaling only 35.5% of featured people. Additionally, only 19% of the total posts including males. There is a documented misconception amongst people of color that the use of SP to prevent skin cancer and photoaging is unnecessary. Additionally, there is a greater incidence of skin cancer in males, which may be attributed to less SP use than females. With advertisements expanding to easily accessible applications like Instagram, it would be beneficial to determine avenues to improve representation within these advertisements to promote patient compliance with SP products.

Instagram Advertisements for Sun Protection Products: A Spectrum to be Broadened

Background
Psoriasis is a multisystem inflammatory disease associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Prior studies have shown a paradoxically lower mortality in AMI (acute myocardial infarction) despite higher comorbidities in psoriasis patients. The lower age of AMI patients with psoriasis may explain this paradox. Our study looked for possible additional explanations.

Methods
The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) is the largest US inpatient database cataloging over 7 million hospitalizations annually. This retrospective study analyzed this database from January 2016 to December 2019. Appropriate ICD-10 codes identified both AMI patients and AMI- psoriasis subset. Chi–square testing and multivariable binary logistic regression were used for analysis.

Results
Amongst 2.55 million AMI patients, 15,520 had psoriasis in addition. At baseline, AMI patients with psoriasis had significantly higher rates of smoking (31% vs 25%), alcohol use (1.39% vs 1%), diabetes (43% vs 41%), hypertension (47% vs 44%), dyslipidemia (71% vs 66%), prior CAD (83% vs 80%), COPD (25% vs 22%) and thyroid disease (14% vs 13%). Psoriasis patients had significantly lower age (64.9 vs 66.9 years).

A higher percentage of AMI patients with psoriasis were White compared to AMI patients without psoriasis (80% to 71%); and the converse for African Americans (4% to 11%). These racial differences were statistically significant.

Comparing outcomes, psoriasis patients had significantly higher rates of CABG (11% vs 7%), length of stay (4.5 versus 4.4 days) and hospital costs ($ 103,247 vs $ 99,094). Notably, psoriasis patients had significantly lower in-hospital mortality (2.74% vs 4.93%). The adjusted odds ratio was 0.70 (95% CI 0.56- 0.88). The p-values for all above-mentioned metrics were between 0.00 and 0.02.

Conclusion
A possible explanation for this mortality paradox was the lower age of incidence for AMI in patients with psoriasis (68 years versus 73 years in a 2020 German study). In our dataset, the difference in mean age of incidence between the two groups was only 2 years (64.9 years versus 66.9 years). One striking confound between the two groups is racial demographics. The data shows a statistically significant increase in percentage of white psoriasis patients having AMI than minority groups. If healthcare access/standard of care is different for these two groups, then this would provide an explanation for this paradox and show that this is not pathological issue but rather a sociological one. With growing concerns about equal opportunity access to healthcare, this paradox warrants further study and has potential to demonstrate opportunities for improvement.


Racial Differences May Explain The Psoriasis Mortality Paradox in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Analysis

Background. Dermatillomania (skin picking disorder) is a psychodermatologic disorder consisting of compulsive picking leading to chronic mechanical damage to skin integrity. Secondary to this damage come possibilities of infection and poor mental health as recurring open wounds and visible scabs form triggers in individuals with this condition. Likely to be largely under-reported, the American Journal of Psychiatry estimates that dermatillomania occurs in upwards of 1 in 20 patients. A trending nutraceutical, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), shows promise as it encourages rapid regeneration of tissue without scarring. As a cysteine donor, NAC replenishes glutathione reductase, which serves as a safeguard against reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby averting further cellular damage. Whether utilized as a high-dose systemic therapy or applied topically, NAC exhibits a large therapeutic index providing patients with a safe and potentially effective nutraceutical treatment option. Moreover, a comprehensive biopsychosocial approach can be provided through the social cognitive theory (SCT) framework which bolsters the self-efficacy and behavioral capacity of an individual to form positive health behaviors. Improving SCT constructs like reciprocal determinism, individuals’ perceptions, social interactions (family/peers), and environmental factors (stressors, UV radiation), will provide better patient support. 

Methods. A preliminary search was performed on all freely available PubMed articles from the past decade that discussed “n-acetyl cysteine wound healing”. A total of 76 articles were acquired. Articles that did not fall under the topics of dermatology, plastic surgery, medical treatments or did not review the use of NAC directly were omitted from our study. Finally, 19 articles detailing NAC’s effectiveness in reducing wound margins and scarring were identified for use in this study. 

Results. Findings show the pro-wound healing properties of NAC, including its ability to promote re-epithelialization, cell proliferation, enhance angiogenesis, and inhibit fibroblast migration. Moreover, NAC boosts antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) to slow ROS-mediated DNA damage. 

Conclusion. By eliminating "pick-able" scabs and accelerating healing, NAC may reduce triggers for patients with dermatillomania and associated risk of infection for other skin excoriations. Therefore, we recommend the integration of NAC as an essential treatment for this specific population as it can abate triggers that exacerbate skin injury and infection in patients with dermatillomania. Furthermore, integrating the SCT framework to deliver psychosocial support may bolster patients’ self-esteem, reducing associated costs to treat future exacerbations and related complications. We have created SCAR-PROOF: a novel, multi-pronged biopsychosocial intervention aimed at supporting dermatillomania management and recovery for our target patient population.

SCAR-PROOF: A Novel Social Cognitive Approach to Prevent Skin Injury & Infection for Dermatillomania

Background: Windham Aging was created to analyze, primarily, ways for senior residents to age in place; a November 2022 report concluded that one of the barriers is lack of primary care professionals. The current physician workforce is aging into retirement with 48% of PCPs in Windham County being over 60 years old. Previous literature reported the following themes among primary care professionals as factors in determining retention and recruitment: financial, social, lifestyle, and community. 

Methods: This research study aimed to identify strategies to enhance the recruitment of primary care professionals in rural areas of Vermont. The study team conducted interviews with family medicine residents and Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) students. Using a qualitative, inductive approach, the team identified key themes that could impact the recruitment of primary care professionals in rural Vermont, including a 5-point scale on previously identified factors affecting recruitment. 

Results: Trainees (n=13) ranked housing, political association, community factors, and access to schools as most important. Qualitative analysis revealed that trainees’ financial incentives weigh less heavily than previous rural clinical experience and interest in living in a rural setting. 

Conclusion: Recruitment of rural practitioners in Vermont is largely influenced by personal preferences regarding community attributes and exposure to rural clinical training experience.

Recruitment of Primary Care Professionals in Rural VT

Background: Chronic disease appointment deferral was a potent problem throughout the pandemic. Additionally, literature shows poorer health for non-English-speaking patients. This study aims to bridge the existing gap in research for this patient population while assessing the state of primary care during the pandemic via chronic disease appointments.
Methods: The Larry A. Green Center launched a series of national surveys (n > 500) with a unique series of questions to obtain temporal, pressing information surrounding primary care’s response to the pandemic. We analyzed changes based on clinic perception of chronic disease appointment incidence using two of these surveys. We further stratified the data by the proportion of non-English speaking patients in each clinic and used Chi-square analysis to analyze significance.
Results: In October 2021, clinics with less English-speaking patients had a greater decrease in stable chronic disease appointments and a larger increase in unstable chronic disease appointments: Among clinics reporting ≥ 90% English speakers (n = 336), 36% (n = 121, p = 0.03) reported less stable chronic disease visits, and 30% (n = 99, p =0.01) reported more visits for unstable chronic disease. In clinics with ≤ 80% English-speaking patients (n = 239), 47% (n = 110, p = 0.03) reported a decrease in stable chronic disease appointments, and 40% (n = 97, p = 0.01) reported an increase in unstable chronic disease appointments. 
In March 2023, the clinics with the least English-speaking patients had a higher incidence of reporting a detrimental change in the stability of their patients’ chronic conditions: 32% (n = 273) of all total clinics, 29% (n = 125) of clinics with ≥ 90% English-speaking patients, 39% (n = 74) of clinics with 81 to 90% English-speaking patients, 42% (n = 48) of clinics with 50-80% English-speaking patients, and 49% (n = 26) of clinics with ≤ 50% English-speaking patients reported a transition from stable to unstable chronic disease due to lack of access to care (p = 0.001). 
Conclusion:
These findings suggest a clinician-reported transition of chronic conditions from stable to unstable, raising concern surrounding deferred care during the pandemic. This emphasizes the need for programs to improve accessibility to clinic visits. Furthermore, additional emphasis should be placed on clinics serving non-English speaking patients, as our study reveals higher rates of care deferral in this population.

Navigating the Deferral Dilemma: Understanding Access to Chronic Disease Care for Non-English Speakers and Overall

Background: Primary care physicians are the principal clinicians treating addiction medicine in the U.S., yet chronically lag behind the demand for substance abuse care. Current literature has detailed worsening substance abuse and addiction with the onset of COVID-19, especially among minority individuals. Our study works to understand low-income individuals from the perspective of primary care, for which current literature is lacking. 
Methods: The Larry Green Center gathered perception data surrounding many pandemic-related impacts on primary care using the weekly "Quick COVID-19 Primary Care" surveys. This study selected six nationwide surveys (n=582-1472) in 2020, 2021, & 2023. Each survey was selected based on their inclusion of addiction medicine questions and was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Surveys were stratified by income with significance testing via Chi-Square analysis (p<0.05). 
Results: Polled primary care clinics revealed an increased perception of addiction during all stages of COVID-19 compared to pre-pandemic levels. Three surveys in 2020 revealed that 31-39% of clinics reported more addiction. A marked increase occurred in December 2021 with 48% of clinics reporting more addiction. No data existed for 2022; however, 41% of clinics reported more addiction in March 2023, demonstrating persistent elevation. After stratification to income, roughly 26% of clinics reporting more addiction served 10-19% of low-income patients. This proportion was consistent for clinics with 20-49% low-income patients, which comprised approximately 25% of all clinics reporting more addiction. Clinics reporting more addiction over the fielded surveys were nearly twice as likely (~48%) to serve the highest proportion of low-income patients (>50% low income). All findings were significant at p<0.05. 
Conclusion: Perception data collected from primary care clinics during COVID-19 suggest a worsening addiction epidemic that disproportionately affected lower-income patients. Chronically underfunded primary care clinics need greater financial resources to tackle systemic stressors beyond COVID-19 that will continue to exacerbate the addiction epidemic in the U.S. Training primary care physicians in addiction medicine, eliminating barriers to addiction care, and targeting low-income patient populations may help to mitigate the current trend of addiction in the U.S.

Primary Care Offices Report More Substance Abuse Amidst COVID-19 - Expanding the Demographic Portrait

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a national lockdown in Chile and delays in surgical care. This study aims to assess the effects of COVID-19 and Chile’s counteracting policies on surgical waitlist lengths a public hospital. 

Methods: Data on surgical waitlists at the closing of the year from 2016 to 2022 were obtained from Hospital La Florida. A one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni correction was used to determine which years had a statistically significant difference in surgical waitlist times. The aggregate data for all surgical specialties was used to analyze which years had a statistically significant difference.

Results: There was a notable decrease in waitlist length each year from 2016 to 2019, with a statistically significant difference in waitlist length in 2016 and 2017 compared to 2019 (p = <0.001 and 0.023, respectively), and a nonsignificant difference in 2018 (p = 1.00). In 2020, there was a significant increase in waitlist length compared to 2019 (p = 0.001). The waitlist lengths returned to pre-pandemic levels after 2020, with no difference in waitlist lengths in 2021 and 2022 when compared to 2019 (p= 0.31 and 1.00, respectively).

Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significantly increased surgical waitlists, with large improvements in waitlist lengths through Chile’s varied policies in resource management, budgeting, efficiency, and collaboration. Further work should assess which strategies were most successful in shortening surgical waitlists to continue removing the burden of surgical delays for patients.

The Impact and Health System Response of COVID-19 on Surgical Waitlists in Chile

**Scoring is only possible in the semifinals hall**

**Abstract:**



Correlating Sickle Cell Disease Across Seasonality and Geography

Many epidemiological studies have investigated the association between coffee consumption and risks for various types of cancer, yet results are conflicting. To determine the impact of coffee consumption on cancer incidence, we systematically reviewed high-quality prospective cohort studies for 10 major cancer types and performed meta-analyses of 63 studies from different countries. For each cancer type, we calculated summary relative risks using the DerSimonian–Laird random-effects model and assessed dose-response relationships. Our meta-analyses found that caffeinated coffee consumption, but not decaffeinated coffee, prevented liver and skin cancers, highlighting the significant role of caffeine in cancer prevention. Furthermore, both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee prevented endometrial cancer, indicating the role of other active compounds in coffee. Collectively, our meta-analyses revealed that coffee consumption, particularly caffeinated coffee, prevents the incidence of liver, endometrial, and skin cancers in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that coffee consumption has a large impact on public health.

Next from AMA Research Challenge 2023

An Imitation Game: Syphilis Infection and Increased Odds of Neurologic Morbidity