United States

We consider counterfactual explanations, the problem of minimally adjusting features in a source input instance so that it is classified as a target class under a given classifier. This has become a topic of recent interest as a way to query a trained model and suggest possible actions to overturn its decision. Mathematically, the problem is formally equivalent to that of finding adversarial examples, which also has attracted significant attention recently. Most work on either counterfactual explanations or adversarial examples has focused on differentiable classifiers, such as neural nets. We focus on classification trees, both axis-aligned and oblique (having hyperplane splits). Although here the counterfactual optimization problem is nonconvex and nondifferentiable, we show that an exact solution can be computed very efficiently, even with high-dimensional feature vectors and with both continuous and categorical features, and demonstrate it in different datasets and settings. The results are particularly relevant for finance, medicine or legal applications, where interpretability and counterfactual explanations are particularly important.

AAAI 2021

Counterfactual Explanations for Oblique Decision Trees: Exact, Efficient Algorithms

### Welcome to ACL 2023, the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics! 
 The conference will be held in Toronto, Canada, July 9-14, 2023. 
Following the succession of the recent conferences in our field, ACL 2023 will adopt a hybrid format.
While the impact of Covid has considerably diminished in terms of traveling, obtaining visas to Canada
entails a very long process. Moreover, the global economic conditions pose challenges for many individuals to travel to conferences. Recognizing these circumstances, we know many participants may not be
able to attend the conference in person. Therefore, we are committed to providing a great virtual platform
so everyone has the opportunity to interact with other participants and enjoy the conference. Based on the
current registered participants, approxiately 30% have chosen to attend the conference virtually. Whether
you join us in person or virtually, we sincerely hope everyone has a remarkable conference experience. 
This General Chair’s message is where I express my gratitude to the many individuals who have made
enormous contributions to the conference over the past year.

Read [**ACL 2023 General Chair's message**](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WobYM7norbG4dI48s75HfJoD89qgX5a_F-6U8AteLSA/edit?usp=sharing/) in full.

##### **[Conference Handbook](https://2023.aclweb.org/downloads/acl2023-handbook.pdf)**

ACL 2023

The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) is the premier international scientific and professional society for people working on computational problems involving human language, a field often referred to as either computational linguistics or natural language processing.

technical paper

The purpose of the AAAI conference is to promote research in artificial intelligence (AI) and scientific exchange among AI researchers, practitioners, scientists, and engineers in affiliated disciplines. 

We study the problem of designing posted-price mechanisms in order to sell a single unit of a single item within a finite period of time. Motivated by real-world problems, such as, e.g., long-term rental of rooms and apartments, we assume that customers arrive online according to a Poisson process, and their valuations  are drawn from an unknown distribution and discounted over time. We evaluate our mechanisms in terms of competitive ratio, measuring the worst-case ratio between their revenue and that of an optimal mechanism that knows the distribution of valuations. First, we focus on the identical valuation setting, where all the customers value the item for the same amount. In this setting, we provide a mechanism M_c that achieves the best possible competitive ratio, discussing its dependency on the parameters in the case of linear discount. Then, we switch to the random valuation setting. We show that, if we restrict the attention to distributions of valuations with a monotone hazard rate, then the competitive ratio of M_c is lower bounded by a strictly positive constant that does not depend on the distribution. Moreover, we provide another mechanism, called M_pc, which is defined by a piecewise constant pricing strategy and reaches performances comparable to those obtained with M_c. This mechanism is useful when the seller cannot change the posted price too often. Finally, we empirically evaluate the performances of our mechanisms in a number of experimental settings.

Online Posted Pricing with Unknown Time-Discounted Valuations

Accurate and timely air quality and weather predictions are of great importance to urban governance and human livelihood. Though many efforts have been made for air quality or weather prediction, most of them simply employ one another as feature input, which ignores the inner-connection between two predictive tasks. On the one hand, the accurate prediction of one task can help improve another task's performance. On the other hand, geospatially distributed air quality and weather monitoring stations provide additional hints for city-wide spatiotemporal dependency modeling. Inspired by the above two insights, in this paper, we propose the Multi-adversarial spatiotemporal recurrent Graph Neural Networks (MasterGNN) for joint air quality and weather prediction. Specifically, we first propose a heterogeneous recurrent graph neural network to model the spatiotemporal autocorrelation among air quality and weather monitoring stations. Then, we develop a multi-adversarial graph learning framework to against observation noise propagation introduced by spatiotemporal modeling. Moreover, we introduce an adaptive training strategy by formulating multi-adversarial learning as a multi-task learning problem. Finally, extensive experiments on two real-world datasets show that MasterGNN achieves the best performance compared with seven baselines on both air quality and weather prediction tasks.

Joint Air Quality and Weather Prediction Based on Multi-Adversarial Spatiotemporal Networks

Neural architecture search has attracted wide attentions in both academia and industry. To accelerate it, researchers proposed weight-sharing methods which first train a super-network to reuse computation among different operators, from which exponentially many sub-networks can be sampled and efficiently evaluated. These methods enjoy great advantages in terms of computational costs, but the sampled sub-networks are not guaranteed to be estimated precisely unless an individual training process is taken. This paper owes such inaccuracy to the inevitable mismatch between assembled network layers, so that there is a random error term added to each estimation. We alleviate this issue by training a graph convolutional network to fit the performance of sampled sub-networks so that the impact of random errors becomes minimal. With this strategy, we achieve a higher rank correlation coefficient in the selected set of candidates, which consequently leads to better performance of the final architecture. In addition, our approach also enjoys the flexibility of being used under different hardware constraints, since the graph convolutional network has provided an efficient lookup table of the performance of architectures in the entire search space.

Fitting the Search Space of Weight-Sharing NAS with Graph Convolutional Networks

Ensemble-based Adversarial Training is a principled approach to achieve robustness against adversarial attacks. An important technicality of this approach is to control the transferability of adversarial examples between ensemble members. We propose in this work a simple, but effective strategy to collaborate among committee models of an ensemble model. This is achieved via the secure and insecure sets defined for each model member on a given sample, hence help us to quantify and regularize the transferability. Consequently, our proposed framework provides the flexibility to reduce the adversarial transferability as well as promote the diversity of ensemble members, which are two crucial factors for better robustness in our ensemble approach. We conduct extensive and comprehensive experiments to demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art ensemble baselines, at the same time can detect a wide range of adversarial examples with a near perfect accuracy.

Improving Ensemble Robustness by Collaboratively Promoting and Demoting Adversarial Robustness

Neural networks have been the key to solve a variety of different problems. However, neural network models are still regarded as black boxes, since they do not provide any human-interpretable evidence as to why they output a certain result. We address this issue by leveraging on ontologies and building small classifiers that map a neural network model's internal state to concepts from an ontology, enabling the generation of symbolic justifications for the output of neural network models. Using an image classification problem as testing ground, we discuss how to map the internal state of a neural network to the concepts of an ontology, examine whether the results obtained by the established mappings match our understanding of the mapped concepts, and analyze the justifications obtained through this method.

Aligning Artificial Neural Networks and Ontologies Towards Explainable AI

In conventional supervised learning, a training dataset is given with ground-truth labels from a known label set, and the learned model will classify unseen instances to known labels. In real situations, when the learned models do not work well, users generally attribute the failure to the inadequate selection of learning algorithms or the lack of enough labeled training samples. In this paper, we point out that there is an important category of failure, which owes to the fact that there are unknown classes in the training data misperceived as other labels, and thus their existence was unknown from the given supervision. Such problems of unknown unknown classes can hardly be addressed by common re-selection of algorithms or accumulation of training samples. For this purpose, we propose the exploratory machine learning, where in this paradigm once user encounters unsatisfactory learning performance, she can examine the possibility and, if unknown unknowns really exist, deploy the optimal strategy of feature space augmentation to make the unknown classes observable and be enabled for learning. Theoretical analysis and empirical study on both synthetic and real datasets validate the efficacy of our proposal.

Exploratory Machine Learning with Unknown Unknowns

Large knowledge graphs often grow to store temporal facts that model the dynamic relations or interactions of entities along the timeline. Since such temporal knowledge graphs often suffer from incompleteness, it is important to develop time-aware representation learning models that help to infer the missing temporal facts. While the temporal facts are typically evolving, it is observed that many facts often show a repeated pattern along the timeline, such as economic crises and diplomatic activities. This observation indicates that a model could potentially learn much from the known facts appeared in history. To this end, we propose a new representation learning model for temporal knowledge graphs, namely CyGNet, based on a novel time-aware copy-generation mechanism. CyGNet is not only able to predict future facts from the whole entity vocabulary, but also capable of identifying facts with repetition and accordingly predicting such future facts with reference to the known facts in the past. We evaluate the proposed method on the knowledge graph completion task using five benchmark datasets. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of CyGNet for predicting future facts with repetition as well as de novo fact prediction.

Learning from History: Modeling Temporal Knowledge Graphs with Sequential Copy-Generation Networks

The key challenge of co-saliency detection is to extract discriminative features to distinguish the common salient foregrounds from backgrounds in a group of relevant images. In
this paper, we propose a new co-saliency detection framework
which includes two strategies to improve the discriminative ability of the features. Specifically, on one hand, we segment
each image to semantic superpixel clusters as well as generate
different scales/sizes of images for each input image by the
VGG-16 model. Different scales capture different patterns of
the images. As a result, multi-scale images can capture various patterns among all images by many kinds of perspectives. Second, we propose a new method of Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) to fine-tune the multi-scale features,
aiming at capturing the common information among the features from all scales and the private or complementary information for the feature of each scale. Moreover, the proposed
GCN method jointly conducts multi-scale feature fine-tune,
graph learning, and feature learning in a unified framework.
We evaluated our method on three benchmark data sets, compared to state-of-the-art co-saliency detection methods. Experimental results showed that our method outperformed all
comparison methods in terms of different evaluation metrics.

Multi-Scale Graph Fusion for Co-Saliency Detection

LiDAR point cloud streams are usually sparse in time dimension, which is limited by hardware performance. Generally, the frame rates of  mechanical LiDAR sensors are 10 to 20 Hz, which is much lower than other commonly used sensors like cameras. To overcome the temporal limitations of LiDAR sensors, a novel task named Point Cloud Frame Interpolation is studied in this paper. Given two consecutive point cloud frames, Point Cloud Frame Interpolation aims to generate intermediate frame(s) between them. To achieve that, we propose a novel framework, namely Point Cloud Frame Interpolation Network (PointINet). Based on the proposed method, the low frame rate point cloud streams can be upsampled to higher frame rates. We start by estimating bi-directional 3D scene flow between the two point clouds and then warp them to the given time step based on the 3D scene flow. To fuse the two warped frames and generate intermediate point cloud(s), we propose a novel learning-based points fusion module, which simultaneously takes two warped point clouds into consideration. We design both quantitative and qualitative experiments to evaluate the performance of the point cloud frame interpolation method and extensive experiments on two large scale outdoor LiDAR datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed PointINet. Our code is available at https://github.com/ispc-lab/PointINet.git.

PointINet: Point Cloud Frame Interpolation Network

Transportation demand prediction is of great importance to urban governance and has become an essential function in many online applications. While many efforts have been made for regional transportation demand prediction, predicting the diversified transportation demand for different communities (e.g., the aged, the juveniles) remains an unexplored problem. However, this task is challenging because of the joint influence of spatio-temporal correlation among regions and implicit correlation among different communities. To this end, in this paper, we propose the Multi-task Spatio-Temporal Network with Mutually-supervised Adaptive task grouping (Ada-MSTNet) for community-aware transportation demand prediction.  Specifically, we first construct a sequence of multi-view graphs from both spatial and community perspectives, and devise a spatio-temporal neural network to simultaneously capture the sophisticated correlations between regions and communities, respectively. Then, we propose an adaptively clustered multi-task learning module,  where the prediction of each region-community specific transportation demand is regarded as distinct task. Moreover, a mutually supervised adaptive task grouping strategy is introduced to softly cluster each task into different task groups, by leveraging the supervision signal from one another graph view. In such a way, Ada-MSTNet is not only able to share common knowledge among highly related communities and regions, but also shield the noise from unrelated tasks in an end-to-end fashion. Finally, extensive experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach compared with seven baselines.

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