United States

Data augmentation is widely used in text classification, especially in the low-resource regime where a few examples for each class are available during training. Despite the success, generating data augmentations as hard positive examples that may increase their effectiveness is under-explored. This paper proposes an Adversarial Word Dilution (AWD) method that can generate hard positive examples as text data augmentations to train the low-resource text classification model efficiently. Our idea of augmenting the text data is to dilute the embedding of strong positive words by weighted mixing with unknown-word embedding, making the augmented inputs hard to be recognized as positive by the classification model. We adversarially learn the dilution weights through a constrained min-max optimization process with the guidance of the labels. Empirical studies on three benchmark datasets show that AWD can generate more effective data augmentations and outperform the state-of-the-art text data augmentation methods. The additional analysis demonstrates that the data augmentations generated by AWD are interpretable and can flexibly extend to new examples without further training. 

AAAI 2023

Adversarial Word Dilution as Text Data Augmentation in Low-Resource Regime

low resource

text classification

data augmentation

adversarial training

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ACL 2023

The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) is the premier international scientific and professional society for people working on computational problems involving human language, a field often referred to as either computational linguistics or natural language processing.

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The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

Clustering is at the very core of machine learning, and its applications proliferate with the increasing availability of data. However, as datasets grow, comparing clusterings with an adjustment for chance becomes computationally difficult, preventing unbiased ground-truth comparisons and solution selection. We propose FastAMI, a Monte Carlo-based method to efficiently approximate the Adjusted Mutual Information (AMI) and extend it to the Standardized Mutual Information (SMI). The approach is compared with the exact calculation and a recently developed variant of the AMI based on pairwise permutations, using both synthetic and real data. In contrast to the exact calculation our method is fast enough to enable these adjusted information-theoretic comparisons for large datasets while maintaining considerably more accurate results than the pairwise approach.

FastAMI - A Monte Carlo Approach to the Adjustment for Chance in Clustering Comparison Metrics

The minimax optimization over Riemannian manifolds (possibly nonconvex constraints) has been actively applied to solve many problems, such as robust dimensionality reduction and deep neural networks with orthogonal weights (Stiefel manifold). Although many optimization algorithms for minimax problems have been developed in the Euclidean setting, it is difficult to convert them into Riemannian cases, and algorithms for nonconvex minimax problems with nonconvex constraints are even rare. 
On the other hand, to address the big data challenges, decentralized (serverless) training techniques have recently been emerging since they can reduce communications overhead and avoid the bottleneck problem on the server node. Nonetheless, the algorithm for decentralized Riemannian minimax problems has not been studied.
In this paper, we study the distributed nonconvex-strongly-concave minimax optimization problem over the Stiefel manifold and propose both deterministic and stochastic minimax methods. The local model is non-convex strong-concave and the Steifel manifold is a non-convex set. The global function is represented as the finite sum of local functions. For the deterministic setting, we propose DRGDA and prove that our deterministic method achieves a gradient complexity of $O( \epsilon^{-2})$ under mild conditions. For the stochastic setting, we propose DRSGDA and prove that our stochastic method achieves a gradient complexity of $O(\epsilon^{-4})$. The DRGDA and DRSGDA are the first algorithms for distributed minimax optimization with nonconvex constraints with exact convergence. Extensive experimental results on the Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) training over the Stiefel manifold demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithms.

Decentralized Riemannian Algorithm for Nonconvex Minimax Problems

In this paper, hypernetworks are trained to generate behaviors across a range of unseen task conditions, via a novel TD-based training objective and data from a set of near-optimal RL solutions for training tasks. This work relates to meta RL, contextual RL, and transfer learning, with a particular focus on  zero-shot performance at test time, enabled by knowledge of the task parameters (also known as context). Our technical approach is based upon viewing each RL algorithm as a mapping from the MDP specifics to the near-optimal value function and policy and seek to approximate it with a hypernetwork that can generate near-optimal value functions and policies, given the parameters of the MDP. We show that, under certain conditions, this mapping can be considered as a supervised learning problem. We empirically evaluate the effectiveness of our method for zero-shot transfer to new reward and transition dynamics on a series of continuous control tasks from DeepMind Control Suite. Our method demonstrates significant improvements over baselines from multitask and meta RL approaches.

Hypernetworks for Zero-shot Transfer in Reinforcement Learning

Video captioning has become a broad and interesting research area. Attention-based encoder-decoder methods are extensively used for caption generation. However, these methods mostly utilize the visual attentive feature to highlight the video regions while overlooked the semantic features of the available captions. These semantic features contain significant information that helps to generate highly informative human description-like captions. Therefore, we propose a novel visual and semantic enhanced video captioning network, named as VSVCap, that efficiently utilizes multiple ground truth captions. We aim to generate captions that are visually and semantically enhanced by exploiting both video and text modalities. To achieve this, we propose a fine-grained cross-graph attention mechanism that captures detailed graph embedding correspondence between visual graphs and textual knowledge graphs. We have performed node-level matching and structure-level reasoning between the weighted regional graph and knowledge graph. The proposed network achieves promising results on three benchmark datasets, i.e., YouTube2Text, MSR-VTT, and VATEX. The experimental results show that our network accurately captures all key objects, relationships, and semantically enhanced events of a video to generate human annotation-like captions.

Leveraging Weighted Cross-Graph Attention for Visual and Semantic Enhanced Video Captioning Network

With rapid development in hardware (sensors and processors) and AI algorithms, automated driving techniques have entered the public's daily life and achieved great success in supporting human driving performance. However, due to the high contextual variations and temporal dynamics in pedestrian behaviors, the interaction between autonomous-driving cars and pedestrians remains challenging, impeding the development of fully autonomous driving systems. This paper focuses on predicting pedestrian intention with a novel transformer-based evidential prediction TrEP algorithm. We develop a transformer module towards the temporal correlations among the input features within pedestrian video sequences and a deep evidential learning model to capture the AI uncertainty under scene complexities. Experimental results on three popular pedestrian intent benchmarks have verified the effectiveness of our proposed model over the state-of-the-art. The algorithm performance can be further boosted by controlling the uncertainty level. We systematically compare human disagreements with AI uncertainty to further evaluate AI performance in confusing scenes. The code is released at https://github.com/zzmonlyyou/TrEP.git.

TrEP: Transformer-based Evidential Prediction for Pedestrian Intention with Uncertainty

We present a novel hierarchical modeling method for layout representation learning, the core of design documents (e.g., user interface, poster, template). Existing works on layout representation often ignore element hierarchies, which is an important facet of layouts, and mainly rely on the spatial bounding boxes for feature extraction. This paper proposes a Spatial-Structural Hierarchical Auto-Encoder (SSH-AE) that learns hierarchical representation by treating a hierarchically annotated layout as a tree format. On the one side, we model SSH-AE from both spatial (semantic views) and structural (organization and relationships) perspectives, which are two complementary aspects to represent a layout. On the other side, the semantic/geometric properties are associated at multiple resolutions/granularities, naturally handling complex layouts. Our learned representations are used for effective layout search from both spatial and structural similarity perspectives. We also newly involve the tree-edit distance (TED) as an evaluation metric to construct a comprehensive evaluation protocol for layout similarity assessment, which benefits a systematic and customized layout search. We further present a new dataset of POSTER layouts which we believe will be useful for future layout research. We show that our proposed SSH-AE outperforms the existing methods achieving state-of-the-art performance on two benchmark datasets. Code will be released.

Layout Representation Learning with Spatial and Structural Hierarchies

Convolutional neural network (CNN) has achieved great success on image super-resolution (SR). However, most deep CNN-based SR models take massive computations to obtain high performance. Downsampling features for multi-resolution fusion is an efficient and effective way to improve the performance in vision recognition, but it is counter-intuitive in the SR task, which needs to project a low-resolution input to high-resolution. In this paper, we propose a novel Hybrid Pixel-Unshuffled Network (HPUN) by introducing an efficient and effective downsampling module into the SR task. The network contains pixel-unshuffled downsampling and Self-Residual Depthwise Separable Convolutions. Specifically, we utilize pixel-unshuffle operation to downsample the input features, and use grouped convolution to reduce the channels. Besides, we enhance the depthwise convolution's performance by adding the input feature to its output. Experiments on benchmark datasets show that our HPUN achieves and surpasses the state-of-the-art reconstruction performance with fewer parameters and computation costs.

Hybrid Pixel-Unshuffled Network for Lightweight Image Super-Resolution

Heuristic search algorithms, e.g. A*, are the commonly used tools for pathfinding on grids, i.e. graphs of regular structure that are widely employed to represent environments in robotics, video games etc. Instance-independent heuristics for grid graphs, e.g. Manhattan distance, do not take the obstacles into account and, thus, the search led by such heuristics performs poorly in the obstacle-rich environments. To this end, we suggest learning the instance-dependent heuristic proxies that are supposed to notably increase the efficiency of the search. The first heuristic proxy we suggest to learn is the correction factor, i.e. the ratio between the instance independent cost-to-go estimate and the perfect one (computed offline at the training phase). Unlike learning the absolute values of the cost-to-go heuristic function, which was known before, when learning the correction factor the knowledge of the instance-independent heuristic is utilized. The second heuristic proxy is the path probability, which indicates how likely the grid cell is lying on the shortest path. This heuristic can be utilized in the Focal Search framework as the secondary heuristic, allowing us to preserve the guarantees on the bounded sub-optimality of the solution. We learn both suggested heuristics in a supervised fashion with the state-of-the-art neural networks containing attention blocks (transformers). We conduct a thorough empirical evaluation on a comprehensive dataset of planning tasks, showing that the suggested techniques i) reduce the computational effort of the A* up to a factor of 4x while producing the solutions, which costs exceed the costs of the optimal solutions by less than 0.3% on average; ii) outperform the competitors, which include the conventional techniques from the heuristic search, i.e. weighted A*, as well as the state-of-the-art learnable planners.

TransPath: Learning Heuristics For Grid-Based Pathfinding via Transformers

We consider primal-dual-based reinforcement learning (RL) in episodic constrained Markov decision processes (CMDPs) with non-stationary objectives and constraints, which play a central role in ensuring the safety of RL in time-varying environments. In this problem, the reward/utility functions and the state transition functions are both allowed to vary arbitrarily over time as long as their cumulative variations do not exceed certain known variation budgets. Designing safe RL algorithms in time-varying environments is particularly challenging because of the need to integrate constraint violation reduction, safe exploration, and adaptation to the non-stationarity. To this end, we propose a Periodically Restarted Optimistic Primal-Dual Proximal Policy Optimization (PROPD-PPO) algorithm that features three mechanisms: periodic-restart-based policy improvement, dual update with dual regularization, and periodic-restart-based optimistic policy evaluation. We establish a dynamic regret bound and a constraint violation bound for the proposed algorithm in both the linear kernel CMDP function approximation setting and the tabular CMDP setting. This paper provides the first provably efficient algorithm for non-stationary CMDPs with safe exploration.

Provably efficient primal-dual reinforcement learning for CMDPs with non-stationary objectives and constraints

Survival analysis is the branch of statistics that studies the relation between the characteristics of living entities and their respective survival times, taking into account the partial information held by censored cases. A good analysis can, for example, determine whether one medical treatment for a group of patients is better than another. With the rise of machine learning, survival analysis can be modeled as learning a function that maps studied patients to their survival times. To succeed with that, there are three crucial issues to be tackled. 
 First, some patient data is censored: we do not know the true survival times for all patients. Second, data is scarce, which led past research to treat different illness types as domains in a multi-task setup. Third, there is the need for adaptation to new or extremely rare illness types, where little or no labels are available. In contrast to previous multi-task setups, we want to investigate how to efficiently adapt to a new survival target domain from multiple survival source domains. 
 For this, we introduce a new survival metric and the corresponding discrepancy measure between survival distributions. These allow us to define domain adaptation for survival analysis while incorporating censored data, which would otherwise have to be dropped. Our experiments on two cancer data sets reveal a superb performance on target domains, a better treatment recommendation, and a weight matrix with a plausible explanation.

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