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Mathematical reasoning is one of the crucial abilities of general artificial intelligence, which requires machines to master mathematical logic and knowledge from solving problems. However, existing approaches are not transparent (thus not interpretable) in terms of what knowledge has been learned and applied in the reasoning process. In this paper, we propose a general Learning by Applying (LeAp) framework to enhance existing models (backbones) in a principled way by explicit knowledge learning. In LeAp, we perform knowledge learning in a novel problem-knowledge-expression paradigm, with a Knowledge Encoder to acquire knowledge from problem data and a Knowledge Decoder to apply knowledge for expression reasoning. The learned mathematical knowledge, including word-word relations and word-operator relations, forms an explicit knowledge graph, which bridges the knowledge “learning” and “applying” organically. Moreover, for problem solving, we design a semantics-enhanced module and a reasoning-enhanced module that apply knowledge to improve the problem comprehension and symbol reasoning abilities of any backbone, respectively. We theoretically prove the superiority of LeAp&#39;s autonomous learning mechanism. Experiments on three real-world datasets show that LeAp improves all backbones&#39; performances, learns accurate knowledge, and achieves a more interpretable reasoning process.

AAAI 2023

Learning by Applying: A General Framework for Mathematical Reasoning via Enhancing Explicit Knowledge Learning

knowledge engineering

knowledge acquisition

question answering

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
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The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

Mathematical reasoning is one of the crucial abilities of general artificial intelligence, which requires machines to master mathematical logic and knowledge from solving problems. However, existing approaches are not transparent (thus not interpretable) in terms of what knowledge has been learned and applied in the reasoning process. In this paper, we propose a general Learning by Applying (LeAp) framework to enhance existing models (backbones) in a principled way by explicit knowledge learning. In LeAp, we perform knowledge learning in a novel problem-knowledge-expression paradigm, with a Knowledge Encoder to acquire knowledge from problem data and a Knowledge Decoder to apply knowledge for expression reasoning. The learned mathematical knowledge, including word-word relations and word-operator relations, forms an explicit knowledge graph, which bridges the knowledge “learning” and “applying” organically. Moreover, for problem solving, we design a semantics-enhanced module and a reasoning-enhanced module that apply knowledge to improve the problem comprehension and symbol reasoning abilities of any backbone, respectively. We theoretically prove the superiority of LeAp's autonomous learning mechanism. Experiments on three real-world datasets show that LeAp improves all backbones' performances, learns accurate knowledge, and achieves a more interpretable reasoning process.

poster

Visible-infrared person re-identification (VI-ReID), which aims to search identities across different spectra, is a challenging task due to large cross-modality discrepancy between visible and infrared images. The key to reduce the discrepancy is to filter out identity-irrelevant interference and effectively learn modality-invariant person representations. In this paper, we propose a novel Modality Restitution and Compensation Network (MRCN) to narrow the gap between the two modalities. Specifically, we first reduce the modality discrepancy by using two Instance Normalization (IN) layers. Next, to reduce the influence of IN layers on removing discriminative information and to reduce modality differences, we propose a Modality Restitution Module (MRM) and a Modality Compensation Module (MCM) to respectively distill modality-irrelevant and modality-relevant features from the removed information. Then, the modality-irrelevant features are used to restitute to the normalized visible and infrared features, while the modality-relevant features are used to compensate for the features of the other modality. Furthermore, to better disentangle the modality-relevant features and the modality-irrelevant features, we propose a novel Center-Quadruplet Causal (CQC) loss to encourage the network to effectively learn the modality-relevant features and the modality-irrelevant features. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate the superiority of our method on the challenging SYSU-MM01 and RegDB datasets. More remarkably, our method achieves 95.1\% in terms of Rank-1 and 89.2\% in terms of mAP on the RegDB dataset.

MRCN: A Novel Modality Restitution and Compensation Network for Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification

Molecular structures and Drug-Drug Interactions (DDI) are recognized as important knowledge to guide medication recommendation (MR) tasks, and medical concept embedding has been applied to boost their performance. Though promising performance has been achieved by leveraging Graph Neural Network (GNN) models to encode the molecular structures of medications or/and DDI, we observe that existing models are still defective: 1) to differentiate medications with similar molecules but different functionality; or/and 2) to properly capture the unintended reactions between drugs in the embedding space. To alleviate this limitation, we propose Carmen, a cautiously designed graph embedding-based MR framework. Carmen consists of four components, including patient representation learning, context information extraction, a context-aware GNN, and DDI encoding. Carmen incorporates the visit history into the representation learning of molecular graphs to distinguish molecules with similar topology but dissimilar activity. Its DDI encoding module is specially devised for the non-transitive interaction DDI graphs. The experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that Carmen achieves remarkable performance improvement over state-of-the-art models and can improve the safety of recommended drugs with a proper DDI graph encoding.

Context-aware Safe Medication Recommendations with Molecular Graph and DDI Graph Embedding

We investigate the complexity of the model-checking problem for a family of modal logics capturing the notion of “knowing how”. We consider the most standard ability-based knowing how logic, for which we show that model-checking is PSpace-complete. By contrast, a multi-agent variant based on an uncertainty relation between plans in which uncertainty is encoded by a regular language, is shown to admit a PTime model-checking problem. We extend with budgets the above-mentioned ability-logics, as done for ATL-like logics. We show that for the former logic enriched with budgets, the complexity increases to at least ExpSpace-hardness, whereas for the latter, the PTime bound is preserved. Other variant logics are discussed along the paper.

Model-Checking for Ability-Based Logics with Constrained Plans

Vision-language alignment learning for video-text retrieval arouses a lot of attention in recent years. Most of the existing methods either transfer the knowledge of image-text pretraining model to video-text retrieval task without fully exploring the multi-modal information of videos, or simply fuse multi-modal features in a brute force manner without explicit guidance. In this paper, we integrate multi-modal information in an explicit manner by tagging, and use the tags as the anchors for better video-text alignment. Various pretrained experts are utilized for extracting the information of multiple modalities, including object, person, motion, audio, etc. To take full advantage of these information, we propose the TABLE (TAgging Before aLignmEnt) network, which consists of a visual encoder, a tag encoder, a text encoder, and a tag-guiding cross-modal encoder for jointly encoding multi-frame visual features and multi-modal tags information. Furthermore, to strengthen the interaction between video and text, we build a joint cross-modal encoder with the triplet input of [vision, tag, text] and perform two additional supervised tasks, Video Text Matching (VTM) and Masked Language Modeling (MLM). Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the TABLE model is capable of achieving State-Of-The-Art (SOTA) performance on various video-text retrieval benchmarks, including MSR-VTT, MSVD, LSMDC and DiDeMo. 

Tagging before Alignment: Integrating Multi-Modal Tags for Video-Text Retrieval

Over recent years, graph convolutional networks emerged as powerful node clustering methods and have set state of the art results for this task. In this paper, we argue that some of these methods are unnecessarily complex and propose a node clustering model that is more scalable while being more effective. The proposed model uses Laplacian smoothing to learn an initial representation of the graph before applying an efficient self-expressive subspace clustering procedure.
This is performed via learning a factored coefficient matrix. These factors are then embedded into a new feature space in such a way as to generate a valid affinity matrix (symmetric and non-negative) on which an implicit spectral clustering algorithm is performed. 
Experiments on several real-world attributed datasets demonstrate the cost-effective nature of our method with respect to the state of the art.

Scalable Attributed-Graph Subspace Clustering

In the Colored Clustering problem, one is asked to cluster edge-colored (hyper-)graphs whose colors represent interaction types. More specifically, the goal is to select as many edges as possible without choosing two edges that share an endpoint and are colored differently. Equivalently, the goal can also be described as assigning colors to the vertices in a way that fits the edge-coloring as well as possible.

As this problem is NP-hard, we build on previous work by studying its parameterized complexity. We give a  $2^{O(k)} · n^{O(1)}$-time algorithm where k is the number of edges to be selected and n the number of vertices. We also prove the existence of a problem kernel of size $O(k^{5/2})$, resolving an open problem posed in the literature. We consider parameters that are smaller than k, the number of edges to be selected, and r, the number of edges that can be deleted. Such smaller parameters are obtained by considering the difference between k or r and some lower bound on these values. We give both algorithms and lower bounds for Colored Clustering with such parameterizations. Finally, we settle the parameterized complexity of Colored Clustering with respect to structural graph parameters by showing that it is W[1]-hard with respect to both vertex cover number and tree-cut width, but fixed-parameter tractable with respect to local feedback edge number.

Parameterized Algorithms for Colored Clustering

Text-to-speech (TTS) and singing voice synthesis (SVS) aim at generating high-quality speaking and singing voice according to textual input and music scores, respectively. Unifying TTS and SVS into a single system is crucial to the applications requiring both of them. Existing methods usually suffer from some limitations, which rely on either both singing and speaking data from the same person or cascaded models of multiple tasks. To address these problems, a simplified elegant framework for TTS and SVS, named UniSyn, is proposed in this paper. It is an end-to-end unified model that can make a voice speak and sing with only singing or speaking data from this person. To be specific, a multi-conditional variational autoencoder (MC-VAE), which constructs two independent latent sub-spaces with the speaker- and style-related (i.e. speak or sing) conditions for flexible control, is proposed in UniSyn. Moreover, supervised guided-VAE and timbre perturbation with the Wasserstein distance constraint are leveraged to further disentangle the speaker timbre and style. Experiments conducted on two speakers and two singers demonstrate that UniSyn can generate natural speaking and singing voice without corresponding training data. The proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art end-to-end voice generation work, which proves the effectiveness and advantages of UniSyn.

UniSyn: An end-to-end unified model for text-to-speech and singing voice synthesis

Sample re-weighting strategies provide a promising mechanism to deal with imperfect training data in machine learning, such as noisily labeled or class-imbalanced data. One such strategy involves formulating a bi-level optimization problem called the meta re-weighting problem, whose goal is to optimize performance on a small set of perfect pivotal samples, called meta samples. Many approaches have been proposed to efficiently solve this problem. However, all of them assume that a perfect meta sample set is already provided while we observe that the selections of meta sample set is performance-critical. In this paper, we study how to learn to identify such a meta sample set from a large, imperfect training set, that is subsequently cleaned and used to optimize performance in the meta re-weighting setting. We propose a learning framework which reduces the meta samples selection problem to a weighted K-means clustering problem through rigorously theoretical analysis. We propose two clustering methods within our learning framework, Representation-based clustering method (RBC) and Gradient-based clustering method (GBC), for balancing performance and computational efficiency. Empirical studies demonstrate the performance advantage of our methods over various baseline methods

Learning to Select Pivotal Samples for Meta Re-weighting

Existing video-audio understanding models are trained and evaluated in an intra-domain setting, facing performance degeneration in real-world applications where multiple domains and distribution shifts naturally exist. The key to video-audio domain generalization (VADG) lies in  alleviating spurious correlations over multi-modal features. To achieve this goal, we resort to causal theory and attribute such correlation to confounders affecting both video-audio features and labels. We propose a DeVADG framework that conducts uni-modal and cross-modal deconfounding through back-door adjustment. DeVADG performs cross-modal disentanglement and obtains fine-grained confounders at both class-level and domain-level using half-sibling regression and unpaired domain transformation, which essentially identifies domain-variant factors and class-shared factors that cause spurious correlations between features and false labels. To promote VADG research, we collect a VADG-Action dataset for video-audio action recognition with over 5,000 video clips across four domains (e.g., cartoon and game) and ten action classes (e.g., cooking and riding). We conduct extensive experiments, i.e., multi-source DG, single-source DG, and qualitative analysis, validating the rationality of our causal analysis and the effectiveness of the DeVADG framework.

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Learning by Applying: A General Framework for Mathematical Reasoning via Enhancing Explicit Knowledge Learning

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