United States

Participatory budgeting engages the public in the process of
allocating public money to different types of projects. PB designs
differ in how voters are asked to express their preferences
over candidate projects and how these preferences are
aggregated to determine which projects to fund. This paper
studies two fundamental questions in PB design. Which voting
format and aggregation method to use, and how to evaluate
the outcomes of these design decisions? We conduct an
extensive empirical study in which 1 800 participants vote in
four participatory budgeting elections in a controlled setting
to evaluate the practical effects of the choice of voting format
and aggregation rule. We find that k-approval leads to
the best user experience. With respect to the aggregation rule,
greedy aggregation leads to outcomes that are highly sensitive
to the input format used and the fraction of the population
that participates. ES, in contrast, leads to outcomes that
are not sensitive to the type of voting format used, and these
outcomes are remarkably stable even when the majority of the
population does not participate in the election. These results
carry valuable insights for PB practitioners and social choice
researchers.

AAAI 2023

Participatory Budgeting Designs for the Real World

participatory budgeting

social choice

user study

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
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The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

poster

Many real-world optimisation problems are defined over both categorical and continuous variables, yet efficient optimisation methods such as Bayesian Optimisation (BO) are ill-equipped to handle such mixed-variable search spaces. The optimisation breadth introduced by categorical variables in the mixed-input setting has seen recent approaches operating on local trust regions, but these methods can be greedy in suboptimal regions of the search space. In this paper, we adopt a holistic view and aim to consolidate optimisation of the categorical and continuous sub-spaces under a single acquisition metric. We develop a tree-based method which retains a global view of the optimisation spaces by identifying regions in the search space with high potential candidates which we call value proposals. Our method uses these proposals to make selections on both the categorical and continuous components of the input. We show that this approach significantly outperforms existing mixed-variable optimisation approaches across several mixed-variable black-box optimisation tasks.

Mixed-Variable Black-Box Optimisation Using Value Proposal Trees

Due to the particularity of the simultaneous occurrence of multiple events in music sequences, compound Transformer is proposed to deal with the challenge of long sequences. However, there are two deficiencies in the compound Transformer. First, since the order of events is more important for music than natural language, the information provided by the original absolute position embedding is not precise enough. Second, there is an important correlation between the tokens in the compound word, which is ignored by the current compound Transformer. Therefore, in this work, we propose an improved compound Transformer model for music understanding. Specifically, we propose an attribute embedding fusion module  and a novel position encoding scheme with absolute-relative consideration. In the attribute embedding fusion module, different attributes are fused through feature permutation by using a multi-head self-attention mechanism in order to capture rich interactions between attributes. In the novel position encoding scheme, we propose RoAR position encoding, which realizes rotational absolute position encoding, relative position encoding, and absolute-relative position interactive encoding, providing clear and rich orders for musical events.  Empirical study on four typical music understanding tasks shows that our attribute fusion approach and RoAR \textcolor{black}{position} encoding brings large performance gains. In addition, we further investigate the impact of masked sequence modeling and casual sequence modeling  pre-training on music understanding. 

Fine-grained Position Helps Memorizing More, A Novel Music Compound Transformer Model with Feature Interaction Fusion

This article presents our generative model for rhythm action games together with applications in business operation. Rhythm action games are video games in which the player is challenged to issue commands at the right timings during a music session. The timings are rendered in the chart, which consists of visual symbols, called notes, flying through the screen. We introduce our deep generative model, GenéLive!, which outperforms the state-of-the-art model by taking into account musical structures through beats and temporal scales. Thanks to its favorable performance, GenéLive! was put into operation at KLab Inc., a Japan-based video game developer, and reduced the business cost of chart generation by as much as half. The application target included the phenomenal "Love Live!", which has more than 10 million users across Asia and beyond, and is one of the few rhythm action franchises that has led the online era of the genre. In this article, we evaluate the generative performance of GenéLive! using production datasets at KLab as well as open datasets for reproducibility, while the model continues to operate in their business. Our code and the model, tuned and trained using a supercomputer, are publicly available.

Gen√©Live! Generating Rhythm Actions in Love Live!

Zero-shot (ZS) sketch-based three-dimensional (3D) shape retrieval (SBSR) is challenging due to the abstraction of sketches, cross-domain discrepancies between two-dimensional sketches and 3D shapes, and ZS-driven semantic knowledge transference from seen to unseen categories. Extant SBSR datasets suffer from lack of data, and no current SBSR methods consider ZS scenarios. In this paper, we contribute a new Doodle2Object (D2O) dataset consisting of 8,992 3D shapes and over 7M sketches spanning 50 categories. Then, we propose a novel prototype contrastive learning (PCL) method that effectively extracts features from different domains and adapts them to unseen categories. Specifically, our PCL method combines the ideas of contrastive and cluster-based prototype learning, and several randomly selected prototypes of different classes are assigned to each sample. By comparing these prototypes, a given sample can be moved closer to the same semantic class of samples while moving away from negative ones. Extensive experiments on two common SBSR benchmarks and our D2O dataset demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed PCL method for ZS-SBSR. Resource is available at https://github.com/yigohw/doodle2object.

Doodle to Object: Practical Zero-Shot Sketch-Based 3D Shape Retrieval

The pre-trained language models, e.g., ELMo and BERT, have recently achieved promising performance improvement in a wide range of NLP tasks, because they can output strong contextualized embedded features of words. Inspired by their great success, in this paper we target at fine-tuning them to effectively handle the text clustering task, i.e., a classic and fundamental challenge in machine learning. Accordingly, we propose a novel BERT-based method, namely Text Clustering with Dual Word-level Augmentation (TCDWA). To be specific, we formulate a self-training objective and enhance it with a dual word-level augmentation technique. First, we suppose that each text contains several most informative words, called anchor words, supporting the full text semantics. We use the embedded features of anchor words as augmented data, which are selected by ranking the norm-based attention weights of words. Second, we formulate an expectation form of word augmentation, which is equivalent to generating infinite augmented features, and further suggest a tractable approximation of Taylor expansion for efficient optimization. To evaluate the effectiveness of TCDWA, we conduct extensive experiments on several benchmark text datasets. The results demonstrate that TCDWA consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art baseline methods.

TC-DWA:Text Clustering with Dual Word-level Augmentation

Crowdsourcing is a favorable computing paradigm for processing computer-hard tasks by harnessing human intelligence. However, generic crowdsourcing systems may lead to privacy-leakage through the sharing of worker data. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel approach, called iFedCrowd (incentive-boosted Federated Crowdsourcing), to manage the privacy and quality of crowdsourcing projects. iFedCrowd allows participants to locally process sensitive data and only upload encrypted training models, and then aggregates the model parameters to build a shared server model to protect data privacy. To motivate workers to build a high-quality global model in an efficacy way, we introduce an incentive mechanism that encourages workers to constantly collect fresh data to train accurate client models and boosts the global model training. We model the incentive-based interaction between the crowdsourcing platform and participating workers as a Stackelberg game, in which each side maximizes its own profit. We derive the Nash Equilibrium of the game to find the optimal solutions for the two sides. Experimental results confirm that iFedCrowd can complete secure crowdsourcing projects with high quality and efficiency.

Incentive-boosted Federated Crowdsourcing

This paper presents a new method for end-to-end Video Question Answering (VideoQA), aside from the current popularity of using large-scale pre-training with huge feature extractors. We achieve this with a pyramidal multimodal transformer (PMT) model, which simply incorporates a learnable word embedding layer, a few convolutional and transformer layers. We use the anisotropic pyramid to fulfill video-language interactions across different spatio-temporal scales. In addition to the canonical pyramid, which includes both bottom-up and top-down pathways with lateral connections, novel strategies are proposed to decompose the visual feature stream into spatial and temporal sub-streams at different scales and implement their interactions with the linguistic semantics while preserving the integrity of local and global semantics. We demonstrate better or on-par performances with high computational efficiency against state-of-the-art methods on five VideoQA benchmarks. Our ablation study shows the scalability of our model that achieves competitive results for text-to-video retrieval by leveraging feature extractors with reusable pre-trained weights, and also the effectiveness of the pyramid.

Efficient End-to-End Video Question Answering with Pyramidal Multimodal Transformer

The concept of Strong Backdoor Sets (SBS) for Constraint Satisfaction Problems is well known as one of the attempts to exploit structural peculiarities in hard instances. However, in practice, finding an SBS for a particular instance is often harder than solving it. Recently, a probabilistic weakened variant of the SBS was introduced: in the SBS, all subproblems must be polynomially solvable, whereas in the probabilistic SBS only a large fraction ρ of them should have this property.
This new variant of backdoors called ρ-backdoors makes it possible to use the Monte Carlo method and metaheuristic optimization to find ρ-backdoors with ρ very close to 1, and relatively fast. Despite the fact that in a ρ-backdoor-based decomposition a portion of hard subproblems remain, in practice the narrowing of the search space often allows solving the problem faster than without it. In this paper, we significantly improve on the concept of ρ-backdoors by extending this concept to backdoor trees, introduce ρ-backdoor trees, show the interconnections between SBS, ρ-backdoors, and the corresponding backdoor trees, and establish some new theoretical properties of backdoor trees. In the experimental part of the paper, we show that moving from the metaheuristic search for ρ-backdoors to that of ρ-backdoor trees allows drastically reducing the time required to construct the required decompositions without compromising their quality.

Probabilistic Generalization of Backdoor Trees with Application to SAT

A Fisher market is an economic model of buyer and seller interactions in which each buyer's utility depends only on the bundle of goods she obtains. Many people's interests, however, are affected by their social interactions with others. In this paper, we introduce a generalization of Fisher markets, namely influence Fisher markets, which captures the impact of social influence on buyers' utilities. We model influence Fisher markets as pseudo-games. Using this framework, we first define and prove the existence of competitive equilibrium in all influence Fisher markets with continuous and concave utility functions. We then construct a second similar pseudo-game, which is monotone and whose solution, a variational equilibrium, and dual together characterize competitive equilibria in influence Fisher markets with continuous, concave, homogeneous (CCH) utility functions. This observation immediately implies that competitive equilibria in these markets can be computed in polynomial time. The dual of this pseudo-game enables us to interpret the competitive equilibria of CCH influence Fisher markets as the Stackelberg equilibria of a single-leader multiple-follower Stackelberg game. Finally, we derive a novel first-order method that solves this Stackelberg game in polynomial time, prove that it is equivalent to computing competitive equilibrium prices via t\^{a}tonnement, and run experiments that confirm our theoretical results.

Fisher Markets with Social Influence

There is a significant need for principled uncertainty reasoning in machine learning systems as they are increasingly deployed in safety-critical domains.
A new approach with uncertainty-aware regression-based neural networks (NNs), based on learning evidential distributions for aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties, shows promise over traditional deterministic methods and typical Bayesian NNs, notably with the capabilities to disentangle aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties.
Despite some empirical success of Deep Evidential Regression (DER), there are important gaps in the mathematical foundation that raise the question of why the proposed technique seemingly works.
We detail the theoretical shortcomings and analyze the performance on synthetic and real-world data sets, showing that Deep Evidential Regression is a heuristic rather than an exact uncertainty quantification.
We go on to discuss corrections and redefinitions of how aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties should be extracted from NNs.

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Participatory Budgeting Designs for the Real World

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Mixed-Variable Black-Box Optimisation Using Value Proposal Trees

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