United States

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) causes various serious problems such as data loss, misinterpretation of data, and cross-talk between electronic devices. Thus, the
materials with high shielding effectiveness (SE) have been quested to attenuate or reflect EM waves. Various materials and compositions and synthetic methods have been investigated,
optimized, and adapted to achieve the desired SE (&gt; 30 dB) [1-4]. These approaches can provide the optimal SE of the material of interest but are costly due to a long period of optimization
and expensive characterization of investigated materials.
To reduce EMI materials development time and effort, we propose Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based modeling, predicting the SE of materials. We used MATLAB to create random input
parameters, Simulink to calculate SE, and Classification Learner to determine data reliability. We take the following nine input parameters to estimate SE of FINEMET (Fe-Si-Nb-Cu-BCr-
Mn-Ni-Co), MnZn-ferrite, and NiZn-ferrite: incoming electric field, transmission (TC) and reflection (RC) coefficients, thickness, frequency, and real and imaginary parts of
permeability (μr) and permittivity (εr). Fig. 1 shows the Simulink block diagram for calculating SE. First, we sampled 200 random TC and RC of the materials and then calculate the SEs
with seven fixed input parameters. Among calculated SEs (Fig. 2e), the reliable SEs (Fig. 2f) are determined using AI. Our preliminary results show that the reliability was 19.5%, meaning
that 39 of 200 samples are reliable. The estimated SE was compared with the experimental SE [1] to assess the accuracy of the developed AI modeling. The estimated and experimental
maximum SEs are 31.87 dB and 30.61 dB, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2 (d,f,g). Accordingly, the effectiveness of our proposed method is validated. We will present how to predict the
SE of EMI materials in detail.
*This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) IUCRC under Grant No. 2137275.&lt;br&gt;

**References:**&lt;br&gt;

[1] Anatoly B. Rinkevich, Dmitry V Perov, and Yuriy I Ryabkov, Materials, 14, 3499 (2021).&lt;br&gt;
[2] Isa ARAZ, Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering &amp; Computer Sciences, 26, 2996 (2018).&lt;br&gt;
[3] Jing Li, yao-Jiang Zhang, Aleksandr Gafarov, Soumya De, Marina Y. Koledintseva, Joel Marchand, David Hess, Todd Durant, Eric Nickerson, James L. Drewniak, and Jun Fan, 2012&lt;br&gt;
IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 646, (2012).
[4] Jae Man Song, Dong Il Kim, and Kyeung Jin O, Journal of the Korea Electromagnetic Engineering Society 6, 71, (2006).&lt;br&gt;

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MMM 2022

EMI Materials Design for High Shielding Effectiveness using AI (Machine Learning)

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INTERMAG 2021

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) causes various serious problems such as data loss, misinterpretation of data, and cross-talk between electronic devices. Thus, the
materials with high shielding effectiveness (SE) have been quested to attenuate or reflect EM waves. Various materials and compositions and synthetic methods have been investigated,
optimized, and adapted to achieve the desired SE (> 30 dB) [1-4]. These approaches can provide the optimal SE of the material of interest but are costly due to a long period of optimization
and expensive characterization of investigated materials.
To reduce EMI materials development time and effort, we propose Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based modeling, predicting the SE of materials. We used MATLAB to create random input
parameters, Simulink to calculate SE, and Classification Learner to determine data reliability. We take the following nine input parameters to estimate SE of FINEMET (Fe-Si-Nb-Cu-BCr-
Mn-Ni-Co), MnZn-ferrite, and NiZn-ferrite: incoming electric field, transmission (TC) and reflection (RC) coefficients, thickness, frequency, and real and imaginary parts of
permeability (μr) and permittivity (εr). Fig. 1 shows the Simulink block diagram for calculating SE. First, we sampled 200 random TC and RC of the materials and then calculate the SEs
with seven fixed input parameters. Among calculated SEs (Fig. 2e), the reliable SEs (Fig. 2f) are determined using AI. Our preliminary results show that the reliability was 19.5%, meaning
that 39 of 200 samples are reliable. The estimated SE was compared with the experimental SE [1] to assess the accuracy of the developed AI modeling. The estimated and experimental
maximum SEs are 31.87 dB and 30.61 dB, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2 (d,f,g). Accordingly, the effectiveness of our proposed method is validated. We will present how to predict the
SE of EMI materials in detail.
*This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) IUCRC under Grant No. 2137275. 

**References:** 

[1] Anatoly B. Rinkevich, Dmitry V Perov, and Yuriy I Ryabkov, Materials, 14, 3499 (2021). 
[2] Isa ARAZ, Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 26, 2996 (2018). 
[3] Jing Li, yao-Jiang Zhang, Aleksandr Gafarov, Soumya De, Marina Y. Koledintseva, Joel Marchand, David Hess, Todd Durant, Eric Nickerson, James L. Drewniak, and Jun Fan, 2012 
IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 646, (2012).
[4] Jae Man Song, Dong Il Kim, and Kyeung Jin O, Journal of the Korea Electromagnetic Engineering Society 6, 71, (2006). 

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poster

#### Welcome to the 67th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, MMM 2022!

The Conference was held from October 31 to November 4 and offers both in-person and on-demand content.

MMM 2022 is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a tutorial, and several special sessions. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

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Magnetic microrobots actuated by a magnetic navigation system (MNS) have gained importance as a versatile device with minimally invasive and wireless manipulation
abilities in various biomedical applications [1, 2]. Generally, MNSs are composed of multiple numbers of coils and massive turns of wires to generate a sufficiently strong magnetic field to
manipulate the microrobots’ mechanical motions. In our previous research, we proposed a geometrically compact and magnetically efficient MNS composed of a triad of electromagnetic
coils (TEC), as shown in Fig. 1 [3, 4]. In the TEC, there are only three control variables (three coil currents) for manipulating two-dimensional (2D) microrobots. In this research, we
investigated a new magnetic field generation method to improve the TEC’s magnetic efficiency in generating 2D microrobot motions. Based on the physical property of a magnetic coil that
acts as a pulling magnet for a microrobot, we established a process and several equations by which one can maneuver the 2D microrobot motions via the selective control of only two coil
currents of the TEC. We also employed a closed-loop controller for the method so that the microrobot can move along a programmed pathway actuated by the TEC. We then constructed an
experimental setup to demonstrate and validate the controlled motions of the microrobot using the proposed method. The experimental results shown in Fig. 2 state that the combination of
only two coils of the TEC can also generate relatively complex 2D motions of a microrobot. This research can contribute to developing an optimal MNS and strategy that can be used to
manipulate 2D magnetic microrobots for various biomedical and biological applications, including minimally invasive surgery, targeted drug and cargo delivery, microfluidic control, etc. 

**References:** 

[1] L. Wang, Z. Meng, Y. Chen and Y. Zheng, “Engineering magnetic micro/nanorobots for versatile biomedical applications.,” Advanced Intelligent Systems., vol. 3, no. 9, pp.
2000267, 2021. 
[2] T. Xu, J. Yu, X. Yan, H. S. Choi and L. Zhang, “Magnetic actuation based motion control for microrobots: An overview.,” Micromachines., vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 1346-1364, 2015. 
[3] H. Lee and S. Jeon, “Two-dimensional manipulation of a magnetic robot using a triad of electromagnetic coils.,” AIP Advances., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 015003, 2020. 
[4] H. Lee, D. Lee, and S. Jeon, “A two-dimensional manipulation method for a magnetic microrobot with a large region of interest using a triad of electromagnetic coils.,”
Micromachines., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 416, 2022. 

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A Selective Magnetic Field Generation Method for the Manipulation of Two Dimensional Magnetic Microrobots Using a Triad of Electromagnetic Coils

Recently, interior permanent magnet motors have been widely employed in various commercial electric vehicles. To expand the cruising range of EVs, the analysis and
improvement of efficiency for the IPM motors have attracted increasing attention [1]. For the IPM motors, a large current is often required to weaken the PM magnetic field to increase the
speed range, which inevitably increases the copper and iron losses of the motor, resulting in a decrease in efficiency under high speed [2]. Consequently, it is necessary and full of
challenges to research and expands the high-efficiency region of the IPM motor, especially at high speed. In this paper, by introducing the new magnetic field variable effect into an interior
PM motor, the variable magnetic field can be obtained under different operation conditions, which not only helps to reduce the copper and core losses under different operation conditions
but also widens high-efficiency region.[3]
Fig 1 shows the topology of the proposed VMF motor and the structure of the corresponding variable magnetic field. To explore the performance advantage of the proposed VMF motor,
three operation points are selected to investigated, which can be classified into two operation conditions, as shown in Fig. 2. By the purposeful design of variable magnetic field structure,
the increased efficiency of high-speed operation point and the expanded high-efficiency region can be realized. Fig 3 shows the comparison of the performance of the VMF and IPM motor,
including no-load flux density and back-EMF. Fig 4 shows the flux density distributions of the VMF motor under different operation condition. Furthermore, the loss distributions of the
IPM and VMF motor under different conditions are shown in Fig 5. As can be seen from the Table I and Fig6, the efficiency of the motor has been improved and broadened, especially at
point C, the efficiency has increased to 96.5%. Consequently, it is noted that the efficiency of the VMF motor is improved and the high-efficiency region is widened, which verifies the
effectiveness of the VMF motor design proposed in this paper.
More detailed analysis and experimental verification will be presented in the full paper. 

References [1] W. Jiang, S. Feng and Z. Zhang, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics., vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1-5, Nov. 2018, Art no. 8108005. 
[2] H. Hua and Z. Q. Zhu, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 495-504, June 2017. 
[3] A. Athavale, T. Fukushige and T. Kato, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 234-241, Jan.-Feb. 2016. 

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Research on High efficiency Region of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Variable Magnetic Field Effect

Permanent magnet (PM) motors have been widely applicable for electric vehicles due to their excellent power density and efficiency. Yet, due to the relatively constant
airgap magnetic field, the motor always suffers from a limited speed range. So, the achievement of a wide speed range is one of the hot research orientations for PM motors. In recent years,
a type of leakage-flux-controllable (LFC) motor has attracted some interest and attention of researchers, where the magnetic bridge and flux barrier are purposely designed in PM rotor for
forming the controllable leakage flux[1]. Based on this, the LFC-PM motor possesses the potential advantages of speed regulation[2]. It is noted that to realize the condition of no leakage
flux in motor drive process, a relatively strong armature field is usually required to be applied at this time, and, correspondingly, the magnetic saturation comes with that. It means that the
torque capability of LFC PM motor is worthy of attention and full of challenge, especially on the drive requirements of low-speed large torque.
In this study, a V-typed leakage-flux-controllable PM (VFLC-PM) motor with multiple functional magnetic flux barrier units is proposed, which can provide relatively high output torque
and a wide speed range. The motor topology and magnetic barrier structure analysis are shown in Fig. 1. The magnetic field distributions under different operating conditions are shown in
Fig. 2. At no load, the flux leakage barrier guides parts of PM flux into the flux leakage path and reduces the air gap effective flux. As the armature current increases, the flux focusing
barrier guides the PM flux to pass through the air gap rather than flux leakage path, and the main flux is enhanced. And then, a response surface method is adopted to optimize the key
parameters related to the magnetic flux barrier units in Fig. 3. After optimization, the torque performances of the motor are significantly improved both at different operating conditions as
shown in Fig. 4. Finally, the torque characteristics of the motor are verified through experiments in Fig. 5. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results,
which verifies the effectiveness of the motor design. 

**References:** 

[1] T. Kato, T. Matsuura and K. Sasaki, Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo., 2017, pp. 5803–5810. 

[2] X. Zhou, X. Zhu and W. Wu, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 6516–6526, Aug. 2021. 

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Design and Analysis of a V Shaped Leakage

In recent years, variable leakage flux permanent magnet (VLF-PM) motors, which can realize different operation conditions, have attracted increasing attention [1]. In this
kind of motors, by the purposeful design of flux barriers and PMs, design requirements of different operation conditions can be satisfied [2]. It is noted that, under different working
conditions, different flux density distribution often leads to significant changes in radial electromagnetic force distribution and characteristics of vibration noise [3]. Thus, it is necessary to
design and analyze the characteristic of vibration noise of VLF-PM motor under multiple working conditions. In this paper, the characteristics of electromagnetic vibration of VLF-PM
motor under different working conditions are researched. And, an low vibration design method is proposed for VLF-PM motors, considering multiple working conditions.
Fig. 1 shows the proposed VLF-PM motor and operation principle under different operation conditions. Fig. 2 presents the characteristics of electromagnetic vibration of the VLF-PM
motor in different working regions. According to the operation principle, two typical working points are selected for analysis. The sensitivity of design parameters to the desired
optimization objective are depicted in Fig. 3, and the selected sensitive parameters are marked. The characteristics of sensitive design parameters are illustrated in Fig. 4. The basic
electromagnetic performances under two working points are shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that under the two working conditions, the output torque of the two motors is almost the same,
and the torque ripple of the optimal motor is obviously reduced. Fig. 6 shows the vibration characteristics of VLF-PM motor. Due to the lower amplitudes of low-order radial force density,
especially, 4th, the vibration and noise characteristics of the optimal VLF-PM motor is preferred under the two working points, which verifies the effectiveness of the low vibration design
of the VLF-PM motor proposed in this paper.
More detailed analysis and experimental verification will be presented in the full paper. 


**References:** 

[1] H. Hu, Z. Xiang and X. Zhu, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 1-6, Feb. 2022, Art no. 8102606. 
[2] X. Zhou, X. Zhu and W. Wu, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 6516-6526, Aug. 2021. 
[3] M. S. Islam, R. Islam and T. Sebastian, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 3214-3222, Sept.-Oct. 2014. 

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Low Vibration Design of Variable Leakage Flux Permanent Magnet Motor Considering Multiple Working Conditions

Due to the advantage of high torque at low speed, permanent magnet vernier (PMV) motor has become an excellent candidate for low-speed direct-drive applications [1],
such as electric vehicles. With the increasing critical demand for electric vehicle drives, multiple design requirements have also been proposed for performance of electric vehicle drive
motors, including output torque and torque ripple [2]. Recently, many researchers have contributed to improving torque performances of PMV, mainly by the design of permanent magnet
and stator teeth [3][4]. Yet, it is noted that, current literature on improving motor performances would either increase output torque or reduce torque ripple, while the comprehensive
improvement of torque performances can hardly be achieved. Thus, in this paper, an airgap-harmonic-orientated partitioned design method is newly proposed for PMV motors. In the
proposed design method, considering the effect of different harmonics on torque performance, the torque designed region of rotor is artfully divided into torque enhanced region and ripple
reduced region. And, by the purposeful design of these two regions, output torque is increased while torque ripple is reduced effectively.
Fig. 1 shows the configurations of proposed and initial PMV motors. The airgap-harmonic-orientated partitioned design principle is presented in Fig. 2, providing theoretical guidance for
motor torque performance improvement. Fig. 3 shows the magnetic field and flux distributions of proposed motor. Meanwhile, based on partition design principle, the airgap flux density
waveforms, and the main airgap harmonic variations related to output torque and torque ripple are presented in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 respectively. It can be seen from Fig. 6 that, by the
reasonable design of torque enhanced region and ripple reduced region, output torque of motor is significantly increased by 82.6% while torque ripple is reduced by 61.1% efficiently as
expected. Thus, by the proposed airgap-harmonic-orientated partition design method, improved output torque and reduced torque ripple can be realized effectively. The detailed theoretical
analysis and simulation results will be presented in the full paper. 

**References:** 

[1] Y. Ma and W. Fu, IEEE Trans. Magn, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1-5, June 2021. 
[2] B. Lee, Z. Zhu and L. Huang, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 2510-2518, May-June 2019. 
[3] X. Zhu, M. Jiang and Z. Xiang, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 5337-5348, July 2020. 
[4] L. Fang, D. Li and X. Ren, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 6058-6068, June 2022. 

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Airgap Harmonic

Recently, flux modulated permanent magnet motors have aroused considerable attention, due to the merits of relatively high output torque at low speed. To further improve
motor torque output capability, double stator vernier permanent magnet (DS-VPM) motors have attracted increasing attention [1]. However, due to the relatively complicated relationship
among airgap flux harmonic, motor structure and performances, the difficulty and time burden of the optimization design of DSVPM motor is increased significantly [2]. Besides, during
actual motor manufacturing process, there exists many unavoidable design uncertainties, which would result in motor performance degradation [3]. Thus, it has been a hot but challenging
issue on how to realize high-efficiency optimization design of DS-VPM motor consider parameter fluctuation. In this paper, an airgap-harmonic-based multi-level robust optimization
design method is proposed for DS-VPM motor. By the proposed optimization method, motor performances can be improved comprehensively considering parameter fluctuation.
The structure of the investigated DS-VPM motor is shown in Fig. 1 (a), and corresponding design parameters of DS-VPM motor are presented in Fig. 1 (b). The flowchart of the proposed
airgap-harmonic-based multi-level robust optimization method is presented in Fig. 2. Firstly, the detailed relationship among design parameters, design parameters, and motor performances
are investigated, as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Then, based on multi-objective genetic algorithm and response surface method, deterministic optimal design of DS-VPM motor is
determined. Furthermore, robust optimization method is utilized to achieve the robust optimal motor deign. Electromagnetic performances of the optimal DS-VPM motor are presented in
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, while the normal distribution of the initial and final motor performances is presented in Fig. 7. Consequently, it is noted that that not only motor performances are
improved effectively, but the fluctuations of the motor performances are reduced significantly which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed robust multi-level optimization method.
More simulation and experimental results will be presented in the full paper. 

**References:** 

[1] W. Zhao, T. A. Lipo and B. -I. Kwon, IEEE Trans. Magn, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 1-4, Nov 2015. 
[2] X. Zhu, M. Jiang and Z. Xiang, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 5337-5348, July 2020. 
[3] M.-M. Koo, J.-Y. Choi and K. Hong, IEEE Trans. Magn, vol. 51, no.11, pp. 1-4, Nov 2015. 

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Multi Level Robust Optimization Design of Double

In-wheel motor is regarded as the most promising drive system of next generation electric vehicles in merit of high transmission efficiency, flexible control and compact
structure [1]. Since the in-wheel motor often operates under different conditions and possesses multiple external heat sources, electromagnetism-thermal analysis is essential during the
motor design stage [2]. Generally, the current electromagnetism-thermal analysis is based on finite element analysis (FEA), the large time-consumptions of this method brings challenges to
the design of this kind of motor [3]. Therefore, a rapid design method of in-wheel motor based on a common-node magneto-thermal bidirectional coupling network (CMTBCN) model is
proposed in this paper. In the CMTBCN model, some nodes of the motor are used as common nodes of the equivalent magnetic network (EMN) model and the equivalent thermal network
(ETN) model to avoid repeated modeling. Then the effect of temperature on the coercivity and permeability of permanent magnets is considered in EMN, the losses calculated by EMN at
initial temperature are used as the heat sources of ETN to calculate the new temperature. The temperature of each component of the motor and the electromagnetic performance under
different working conditions can be obtained more accurately by using the bidirectional coupling method. Finally, an in-wheel motor is designed and optimized based on CMTBCN model.
Fig. 1 (a) shows the 3D structure and parametric model of the in-wheel motor. Fig. 1 (b) shows the proposed common-node magneto-thermal bidirectional coupling network model. Fig. 2
(a) compared the airgap flux density and its harmonic analysis obtained by CMTBCN and FEA. Fig. 2 (b) compared the A-phase no-load flux linkage and back-EMF obtained by
CMTBCN and FEA at -20 and 100 degrees Celsius. Fig. 2 (c) shows the static temperature distribution of the in-wheel motor under the rated load obtained by FEA. Fig. 2 (d) shows the
prototype of stator and rotor of the proposed in-wheel motor.
More detailed analysis and experimental verification will be presented in the full paper. 

**References:** 

[1] P. Liang, F. Chai and Y. Yu, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 1162-1171, Feb. 2019. 
[2] X. Chen and G. Li, 2020 13th International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA), 2020, pp. 683-686. 
[3] X. Li, F. Shen and S. Yu, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 6560-6573, Aug. 2021. 

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Optimization Design and Analysis of an In Wheel PM Motor Based on Common

In-wheel motors have been considered as one of the core technologies for the future developments of electric vehicles (EVs), where the outstanding feature is that the drive
motor is directly connected to the vehicle wheel [1]. It indicates that, to the EVs, the short transmission chain and high transmission efficiency can be achieved potentially by adopting the
in-wheel motor [2]. Yet, the direct-drive with in-wheel motor gaining advantages of power transmission, while it also makes the motor straightly faced with the complex drive environment,
such as the diverse operation conditions and road conditions. It means that, to the in-wheel motor, the problems of vibration and noise are more prominent and worthy of concern. This is
essential for realizing the high reliability and desirable comfort of EVs. Therefore, how to effectively suppress the vibrations and reduce noise is becoming a hot research field and full of
challenge. Then, a new perspective of radial electromagnetic force (REF) modulation is proposed for studying the vibration characteristic of a V-shaped PM in-wheel (VPM-IW) motor in
this paper. By purposely considering the modulation effect of REF into motor design, the electromagnetic vibration of VPM-IW motor is suppressed effectively.
Firstly, Fig.1(a) shows that the VPM-IW motor with the pole-slot combination of 40-pole/24-slot is selected as the design example. Fig.1(b) shows the deformation on the motor caused by
the different orders of REF. And Fig. 1(c) shows the principle of REF modulation. Then, Fig. 2(a)-Fig. 2(d) show the relationship between radial flux density (RFD) and REF. It can be
seen that, the dominant spatial order of REF, such as 4th, is generated by 4kth RFD harmonics. Hence, 4th REF can be suppressed by reducing 4kth RFD harmonics. Next, the multiobjective
genetic algorithm (MOGA) is adopted considering the force modulation effect. Fig. 2(g) to Fig. 2(n) show the comparison of performances. Fig. 2(m) and Fig. 2(n) show that the
optimal structure realizes the reduction of vibration and noise and the highest vibration peak appears around 4979 Hz, which is frequency of 4th mode.
The more detailed theoretical analysis and research results will be provided in the full paper. 

**References:** 

[1]W. N. Fu and S. L. Ho, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 127-134, Jan. 2010. 
[2] S. Zuo, F. Lin and X. Wu, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 6204-6212, Oct. 2015. 

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Research on Vibration Characteristic of a V shaped PM In

I Introduction:
Typically, EVs adopt lithium-ion batteries as power supply. Therefore, constant current (CC) mode and constant voltage (CV) mode can be implemented for battery charging applications.
At present, various control strategies have been proposed. However, these methods require complex control strategies and additional components, often lead to increased switching
losses[1] and frequency bifurcation[2], and are difficult to achieve with zero phase angle input (ZPA). In this paper, a switchable hybrid compensation structure is designed to achieve loadindependent
output current and load-independent output voltage under ZPA conditions by switching the receiver-side compensation structure without additional devices and complex
control methods.
II Method and Discussion
A hybrid topology using different compensations in the receiver side, i.e., LC-LC compensation and LC-LCCL compensation is developed. Meanwhile, the compensation coil is integrated
into the receiving coil, the magnetic field is enhanced without any reactive power flow between the compensation and receiving coils, which can effectively improve the power
transmission distance, efficiency, and capacity. At a fixed frequency, no complicated control methods are required, and constant voltage and constant current can be achieved under ZPA
conditions. Besides, by optimizing the integrated coil and designing compensation parameters, the system can still maintain good CC-CV output characteristics when misalignment
happens.
III Conclusion
According to the experimental results, the wireless charging system can operate within 100mm misalignment in X-axis when the maximum fluctuations of the charging current IB in CC
mode and the charging voltage VB in CV mode are less than 7% which is consistent well with the theoretical analysis. Besides, the wireless charging system can achieve the maximum
efficiency at 93.43% with a 15-cm air gap when delivering 1442 W to the load. 

**References:** 

[1] Z. Li, C. Zhu, J. Jiang, K. Song, and G. Wei, “A 3 kW wireless power transfer system for sightseeing car supercapacitor charge,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 32, no.
5, pp. 3301–3316, May. 2017. 
[2] C. W. Wang, G. A. Covic, and O. H. Stielau, “Power transfer capability and bifurcation phenomena of loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 148–157, Feb. 2004 

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Analysis and Design of Constant Current and Constant Voltage Outputs of Integrated Coil Wireless EV Charging System

Numerical analyses should include the computation of magnetic hysteresis to estimate the performance of electric machines accurately. However, the finite element method
(FEM) requires significant time to simulate the hysteretic field because a hysteretic function modeled by, e.g., the Preisach model or the play model [1] must be called for each element and
time step.
The model order reduction (MOR) methods can effectively reduce the computation time of the FEM. This study aims to establish a new hysteretic MOR method for electric machines.
Specifically, we incorporate the hysteretic characteristics to the Cauer ladder network (CLN) method [2], a spatial mode decomposition technique showing superior convergence. It retains
physical interpretation, i.e., the inductances and resistances of the ladder network are directly computed from the decomposed modes. Therefore the nonlinear magnetic characteristics can
be directly incorporated [3].
The hysteresis effect is incorporated in the first inductor shown in Fig. 1. The magnetic fluxes flowing through the inductors are used as state variables. A semi-implicit time-marching
scheme is developed to reflect hysteretic properties without nonlinear iterations. Static I-φ loops are used to identify the scalar play model representing the first inductor. Those loops are
obtained by FE magnetostatic analysis, where the hysteretic behavior is calculated by the vector play model [1].
The reversible component is used to represent the second or later inductors, considering the characteristics of the minor loop [4]. The resistances of the CLN are prepared as functions of the
first stage magnetic flux with anhysteretic approximation.
3. Numerical analysis
An iron-cored inductor was analyzed, where a PWM voltage input was applied to the coil. Fig. 2 shows the locus of total current I1 and the first stage magnetic flux φ1 obtained by the
proposed CLN method (solid red line), which agreed with the transient FEM result (solid black line) better than the conventional equivalent circuit (dotted red line). 

**References:** 

[1] R. Mitsuoka et al., IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1689–1692 (2013). 
[2] A. Kameari et al., IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 54, no. 3, 7201804 (2017). 
[3] H. Eskandari and T. Matsuo, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 56, no. 2, 7505904 (2020). 
[4] Y. Shindo, T. Miyazaki and T. Matsuo, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 52, no. 3, 6300504, (2016). 

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