United States

Introduction/Objective
Inhaled halogenated compounds are commonly used as induction and maintenance anesthetic agents that are highly efficacious and can be easily administered through vaporization. Hepatotoxicity is a known side effect of halogenated anesthetics, most classically associated with halothane. Of the halogenated anesthetic class, sevoflurane is generally considered to have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity with many sources describing it as a safe alternative to other halogenated anesthetics. In this report, we describe a case of sevoflurane-associated liver failure in a patient undergoing kidney transplantation that led to the subsequent loss of the donor kidney.

Case Presentation
A 65-year-old patient with stage 5 ESRD, congenitally malformed non-functional right kidney, and hypertension presented to our tertiary care center for kidney transplantation. The operation was 7 hours in duration and was without intraoperative complication. Anesthetic regimen included induction with propofol, fentanyl, and rocuronium and patient was maintained with sevoflurane for the duration of the operation. Five hours postoperatively, patient became increasingly somnolent, developed laboratory evidence of metabolic acidosis, and was transferred to the intensive care. Patient then developed a clinically evident coagulopathy with increased serosanguinous drain output that prompted emergent exploratory laparotomy. Two days later, patient returned to the OR for abdominal re-exploration. The donor kidney was dusky, edematous, without a doppler signal, and was subsequently explanted. Following explantation, patient had a prolonged and complicated hospital stay, but was eventually discharged to an inpatient rehabilitation facility on long term dialysis. 

Discussion
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a potentially-life threatening alteration in hepatic function. The development of coagulopathy and encephalopathy with evidence of hepatic dysfunction on laboratory evaluation are the minimum diagnostic criteria. The differential diagnosis of acute liver failure is broad and includes infection, congenital or genetic conditions, ischemia, and drug-induced etiologies. A high index of suspicion is required to make the diagnosis of drug-induced liver failure (DILF), particularly for drugs that are infrequently associated with hepatotoxicity, such as sevoflurane. Risk factors for developing DILF from sevoflurane include recent surgical procedure with sevoflurane anesthetic, previous exposure to sevoflurane, renal dysfunction, and immunocompromised status. Identification of the causative agent and discontinuing hepatotoxic medications are key components in the management of DILF along with supportive care.

Conclusion
We describe a case of acute fulminant hepatitis secondary to sevoflurane exposure in a patient undergoing renal transplantation which ultimately led to the loss of the donor kidney. Our study adds to the limited number of case reports describing possible sevoflurane-induced hepatotoxicity and reinforces the importance of close postoperative monitoring of patients following kidney transplantation. 


AMA Research Challenge 2022

Sevoflurane Associated Liver Failure in Kidney Transplantation Patient

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Charles Lopresto, DO

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Spiradenocarcinoma is an extremely rare, highly aggressive malignant sweat gland tumor with an estimated prevalence of 0.005% of all cutaneous carcinomas. Due to its rarity, there are no currently established guidelines regarding therapeutic management of this malignancy, with limited data available on the epidemiological features, diagnosis, or prognosis. Historically, this malignancy has shown an inconsistent response to chemotherapy and radiation, leaving patients and clinicians with relatively no options for metastatic or unresectable disease. We describe a clinical presentation of recurrent spiradenocarcinoma with distant metastases in a 42 year old female with a 10 year history of a previously stable mass on her posterior shoulder. The mass underwent spontaneous transformation and began rapidly enlarging, which had prompted her to seek medical care. Surgical excision was performed and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. Imaging showed sites of distant metastasis and palliative care was provided in the form of debulking surgery one year later when chemotherapy failed to halt the progression disease in her axilla. The patient reported improved quality of life at her surgical oncology follow up and is currently undergoing a novel multimodal therapeutic approach using surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation for treatment of her metastatic disease, which has shown promising evidence in reduction of previously identified metastatic sites.

Spiradenocarcinoma: Challenges in Therapeutic Management of Rare Cancers

Sudden Dislodgement of Fecalith from Giant Jejunal Diverticulum causing Small Bowel Obstruction

Background: Benign pneumoperitoneum is a common finding after endoscopic procedures, associated with rates as high as 25% after PEG placement. However, tension pneumoperitoneum following PEG placement has not been reported in the literature. 
Case presentation: Here we describe the case of a 31-year old female with history significant for suspected myotonic dystrophy and tracheostomy placement who developed tension pneumoperitoneum shortly after PEG tube placement. She required immediate diagnostic laparoscopy during which no perforation or solid organ injury was discovered. After decompression of the intra-abdominal free air, she recovered well within 24 hours with no further sequella.
Conclusions: Tension pneumoperitoneum is a possible complication of PEG placement.

Tension Pneumoperitoneum after Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) Tube Placement: A Case Report

Abstract Title:
A Case of COVID-19 Vasculitis Complicated by Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Background
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an acute and rapidly progressive systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by cytopenia, excessive cytokine production, and hyperferritinemia resulting in multi-organ failure. Primary HLH is mainly due to genetic inheritance whereas secondary HLH is due to malignancy, infection, or autoimmune stimulus. COVID-19 can involve all organ systems, including the circulatory system, causing thrombosis and vascular dysfunction leading to cutaneous vasculitis. Severe COVID-19 infection causes cytokine hyperinflammation, triggering an intense immune response that may be the mechanism of HLH development. We chose this case to review the clinical picture of HLH development in a patient with a history of COVID-19 vasculitis and its severe outcomes.

Case Presentation
A 67-year-old male presented with bilateral lower extremity ulcerated lesions. Patient had COVID-19 infection seven months prior and was treated with steroids, antibiotics, and oxygen support without complication. However, one month later he developed bilateral lower extremity vasculitis. Antibody panel was inconclusive and skin biopsy of the lesions showed medium and small vessel vasculitis secondary to COVID-19 thrombotic vasculopathy. Subsequently oral steroid therapy, rituximab and IVIG infusion were given. However, the lesions progressively worsened and the patient went into septic shock requiring vasopressors and stress dose of corticosteroids. He developed pancytopenia with ANC nadir of 900, thrombocytopenia (PLT: 29k), LDH of 1300 U/L, ferritin 20,000 ng/nL. Bone marrow aspirate revealed mostly non-viable cells, scattered megakaryocytes, and scattered macrophages with hemophagocytosis. Based on the clinical history and morphological findings, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was diagnosed. The patient received filgrastim and dexamethasone, however, he clinically deteriorated and passed within four days of diagnosis.

Discussion
COVID-19 induces a wide range of clinical symptoms, including vasculitis. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a very rare condition with high mortality and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with prolonged non-resolving fever and multisystem involvement. Due to its rarity and variable presentation, a high degree of clinical suspicion is warranted to diagnose HLH in the setting of COVID-19 vasculitis. We hope that presenting this case will result in earlier diagnosis and intervention to prevent long-term morbidity and mortality as seen in our case.

A Case of COVID-19 Vasculitis Complicated by Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Background
The differential for transaminitis in oncology patients includes ischemia, toxic ingestion, metastases, new malignancy, infection, vascular occlusion, autoimmune, and drug-induced etiologies. Temozolomide, an alkylating agent used first line with concurrent radiation to treat advanced gliomas is associated with improved patient overall and progression-free survival. Temozolamide has no hepatic metabolism and is rarely implicated in drug-induced living injury (DILI) (0.5% cases of a 1000 patient prospective study of DILI). Histologic assessment of temozolamide-associated DILI demonstrated bile duct loss and cholestatic or mixed liver injury pattern. 

Case Presentation
A 62-year-old male with a past medical history of urinary retention with a chronic foley, grade III astrocytoma status-post craniotomy with tumor resection undergoing chemoradiation presented to the ED after outpatient labs demonstrated new liver function test (LFT) abnormalities from a normal baseline 5-days prior. ALT=755, AST=300, ALP=166 and R-factor=13.4 consistent with hepatocellular liver injury. The patient endorsed drinking 2 standard drinks 4 times weekly for 20 years and denied tobacco use, drug use, tattoos, needle exposures, recent travel, or sick contacts. Workup was notable for negative alcohol, salicylate, and acetaminophen levels. Hepatitis A, B, and C serologies, EBV, HSV, VZV, CMV were negative. Anti-nuclear, anti-smooth muscle, and anti-LKM antibodies were negative. Ferritin and ceruloplasmin levels were normal. Right upper quadrant ultrasound demonstrated mild hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis without focal masses and patent portal veins with forward flow and a normal gallbladder. Temozolamide was considered the likeliest cause of the patient’s transaminitis given the negative workup and 1-day time interval of LFT abnormalities from chemotherapy administration with rapid resolution (by >50% in 2 days and to baseline in 2 weeks) following therapy discontinuation. As such, chemotherapy was discontinued, and the patient continued outpatient radiation without issue.

Discussion
This case illustrates the importance of generating a wide differential for oncology patients presenting with transaminitis and an appreciation for idiosyncratic drug reactions. Alkylating agents like temozolamide while classically associated with cholestatic patterns of liver injury can also be implicated in hepatocellular liver injury such as in this rare case. However, DILI is a diagnosis of exclusion that requires a broad negative workup.


A curious case of transaminitis: evaluating LFT abnormalities in oncology patients

Background
Anemia is three times more common in African Americans than in Caucasians. 90% of anemia can be attributed to nutritional deficiencies, chronic inflammation, or bleeding. In young male adults and both males and females above 65 years of age, chronic gastrointestinal loss is the most likely etiology of iron-deficiency anemia. However, malignancies (not limited to gastrointestinal malignancies) should be considered in the absence of obvious bleeding.
Case Presentation
We present a 47-year-old African American incarcerated male patient with a past medical history of hypertension and peptic ulcer disease who presented to our hospital with a 1-month history of nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and alleged two-day history of coffee-ground hematemesis. His hemoglobin had dropped by 5-6 g/dl over two months; red blood cell indices were suggestive of normocytic normochromic anemia. He also complained of dark urine and left flank pain. Gastrointestinal workup, including esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy did not reveal
an obvious bleeding source. During the hospital stay, his hemoglobin continued to decrease, and extensive anemia workup was ordered. Lactate dehydrogenase was elevated, reticulocyte count normal, haptoglobin level decreased, and a differential blood count revealed 55.7% “other abnormal cells.” The peripheral smear report revealed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), later confirmed by bone marrow biopsy, and the qualitative glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) screen was noted to be deficient. The patient was promptly started on induction chemotherapy for AML: cytarabine 100mg/m2 for 7 days, daunorubicin 90mg/m2 for 3 days, and midostaurin 50 mg twice daily from day 8-21.
Discussion
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can present with non-specific symptoms of anemia such as breathlessness, fatigue, and mucosal bleeding. It also commonly presents with fever and bone pain. Our patient’s history of peptic ulcer disease and initial complaints lead us to investigate gastrointestinal bleeding primarily. The concurrent diagnosis of G6PD in the setting of AML is significant since it has been reported to pose a higher risk for developing invasive fungal infections. From our experience, we recommend a broad approach to evaluating anemia, avoiding ascertainment bias, particularly in the African American population where anemia is more prevalent, and the etiology can be more variable.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia and G6PD deficiency in a 47-year-old African American Male Patient with Suspected Gastrointestinal Bleed

Background
Acute myeloid leukemia is a hematological malignancy arising from the myeloid cell line and characterized by the proliferation of abnormal, non-functioning blasts in bone marrow. Patients may present with anemia, recurrent infections, increased bleeding, or rarely an extramedullary mass as in myeloid sarcoma. Some patients have no symptoms at all. With fewer surgeons sending otherwise healthy patients for pre-operative screening laboratory tests, concerning findings representing an occult malignancy may be missed.

Case Presentation
A 50-year-old male presented with chronic sinusitis, with his most recent infection lasting three weeks. He underwent endoscopic sinus surgery, during which urgent labs were drawn due to abnormal blood loss (~800 mL), which revealed pancytopenia with lymphocytosis and monocytosis; he was admitted for acute leukemia work-up and treatment. Initial bone marrow biopsy analysis revealed acute myeloid leukemia with 70% blasts; cytogenetics negative for the PML-RARA fusion gene, and positive for inversion of chromosome 16 with presence of CBFB/MYH11 fusion transcripts. He was definitively diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia with inversion of chromosome 16. He received 7+3 induction chemotherapy plus gemtuzumab ozogamicin, with subsequent bone marrow biopsy demonstrating no evidence of leukemia. This was followed by three cycles of consolidative high-dose cytarabine plus gemtuzumab ozogamicin, resulting in disease remission. Treatment was complicated by hospitalization for neutropenic fever and Streptococcus mitis bacteremia during the second and third treatment cycles. Bone marrow biopsy after the third cycle of consolidative chemotherapy showed an erythroid predominance with increased monocytes and no increase in blasts. There were no chromosomal abnormalities and no CBFB/MYH11 fusion transcripts detected. The patient was determined to be in remission. 

Discussion
Sinusitis is a potential complication in leukopenic patients. Acute myeloid leukemia may present with a rapid onset of persistent infections or excessive bleeding during procedures. With modern pre-operative screening protocols emphasizing fewer routine laboratory tests, it is incumbent on surgeons to recognize unusual bleeding or other abnormal findings intraoperatively and consider rare conditions such as acute myeloid leukemia, and pursue a diagnostic evaluation urgently.


Acute Myeloid Leukemia in a 50-year-old Male With Chronic Sinusitis

Abstract Title: Amiodarone-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Uncommon side effect of a common cardiac drug

Background
Thrombocytopenia is defined as decrease in platelet count below 150 x 103/mm3. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia (DITP) is considered to be due to direct toxicity or immune-mediated effect. Over 200 medications are listed as thrombocytopenia inciting drugs. In 1987, first case of amiodarone-induced thrombocytopenia was reported and there have been few published reports since. Amiodarone is widely known for side-effects on lungs, thyroid, skin, nervous system, and liver. We discuss a case of DITP immediately after receiving amiodarone, commonly used in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response.

Case Presentation
66-year-old female with a past medical history of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, atrial fibrillation, and hyperlipidemia presented with chest pain and shortness of breath. In the emergency department, she was tachycardic at 150 beats per minute and had blood pressure of 121/88 mmHg. Electrocardiogram showed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. Home medications were, metoprolol and diltiazem for rate control, and apixaban for anticoagulation. On admission, oral and intravenous amiodarone was administered. Within three days, platelet count drastically decreased to 55 x 103 /mm3 and liver enzymes trended up. She was evaluated for causes of thrombocytopenia and elevated liver enzymes, and tested negative for disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, viral infection, and gallbladder/common bile duct disease. Amiodarone was then discontinued and diltiazem dose was increased. Platelets and liver enzymes gradually improved back to baseline, correlating with the long half-life of amiodarone. She successfully underwent AV node ablation with pacemaker implantation and was discharged home.

Discussion
Amiodarone-induced thrombocytopenia has been investigated to be due to platelet specific antibodies. DITP can take cause within 5-10 days of exposure to the drug. Any signs of thrombocytopenia after amiodarone administration should prompt possibility of drug-induced toxicity. Amiodarone must be discontinued. Another antiarrhythmic should be used while planning for ablation or pacemaker placement. Platelet counts must be followed till resolution to baseline, and amiodarone must be listed as a drug allergy. Given the frequent use of amiodarone, and lack of diagnostic immunoassays timely diagnosis is crucial to prevent life-threatening complications.



Amiodarone-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Uncommon side effect of a commoncardiac drug

Meningioma is the most common primary brain tumor with most of the cases having good prognosis (WHO grade 1). Higher grade meningioma (WHO grade 2) tend to show higher recurrence rate and worse prognosis. Multiple extra-cranial non-pigmented tumors showed melanocytic colonization e.g., dermatofibroma protuberans. However, melanocytic colonization in meningioma has not been reported except in only three cases. In this report, we are presenting a case of atypical meningioma (WHO grade 2) with melanocytic colonization and comparing our findings with the previous reports.

Next from AMA Research Challenge 2022

Spiradenocarcinoma: Challenges in Therapeutic Management of Rare Cancers

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