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We’re interested in ways that students collaborate to solve conceptual physics problems in the context of spherical unit-vectors in upper-division E&amp;M, especially ones that are difficult for individuals to solve, but which small groups are more successful at. Using a think-out-loud protocol, we interviewed students in small groups, asking them to solve together problems from this context on a large whiteboard. Using the resources framework and an emergent coding analysis of interview video, we observed one common mechanism in all three group-interviews whereby students collaborated effectively: first one student activated a conceptual resource and expressed it, then another student took up that idea, then finally the whole group together used that idea to move forward with the problem. In this poster, we report our method of analysis and results from one group interview to illustrate a resource activated and used in this way, which we call a shared resource.

AAPT SM 22

Shared Resources in Student Problem-Solving of Spherical Unit Vectors

**Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics**

As a gateway discipline to STEM majors and careers, physics plays a central role in deciding who does, and who doesn't, get to discover and pursue scientific careers. Technical and scientific professionals are rewarded with economic privilege and status which affords them both social and cultural power. Therefore, social justice will be realized only when the opportunity, and the choice, to excel in physics is open to all students. The culture and practices of the physics classroom reflect the culture of physics at large, which raises the question of how our professional physics communities can embrace, rather than inadvertently repel, a diverse group of academics that can help improve physics culture.  To this end, the 2021 Physics Education Research Conference will focus on defining inclusive spaces and practices. Additionally, we will explore strategies for eliminating exclusionary practices in our classrooms, research spaces, and professional organizations. We call on the community to propose sessions that will drive conversations related to these initiatives throughout PERC 2021.

Please download the full program [here. ](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TRMC_SYJ3PUqXyP7sskA7LRSA8ow0eRE/view?usp=sharing)

PERC SM 21

August 4, 2021 - August 5, 2021 in a Virtual Conference Format

Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics

We’re interested in ways that students collaborate to solve conceptual physics problems in the context of spherical unit-vectors in upper-division E&M, especially ones that are difficult for individuals to solve, but which small groups are more successful at. Using a think-out-loud protocol, we interviewed students in small groups, asking them to solve together problems from this context on a large whiteboard. Using the resources framework and an emergent coding analysis of interview video, we observed one common mechanism in all three group-interviews whereby students collaborated effectively: first one student activated a conceptual resource and expressed it, then another student took up that idea, then finally the whole group together used that idea to move forward with the problem. In this poster, we report our method of analysis and results from one group interview to illustrate a resource activated and used in this way, which we call a shared resource.

poster

AAPT meetings are a great way to reflect on your teaching, recommit to best practices and re-energize your career with new research, products, and techniques. Listen to internationally known plenary speakers, attend sessions, workshops, and special activities. This meeting is an excellent opportunity to share your expertise and learn from and network with leaders in the field.



This poster analyzes two examples of whiteboard meetings from a college calculus-based introductory physics course taught using University Modeling Instruction. In UMI, student small groups create a solution to the same problem on 2? × 3? whiteboards. They then sit in a large circle with whiteboards held facing in and conduct a student-led whole-class discussion to reach consensus. In the first example students overcame sharp disagreements to reach consensus, but in the second example they don’t. We examine how social positioning contributed to students either successfully examining and resolving different ideas or failing to do so. Results from these two examples support the idea that meetings where “experts” soften their position by “hedging” more frequently are better able to overcome sharp initial disagreements to reach consensus on their own. Our analysis suggests that the way students position themselves in discussions may open or close the collaborative space to productive sense-making.

Two contentious board meetings; social positioningCorrelates with consensus building

In California and other western states, discussions about climate change and water access have become increasingly urgent. Connecting science learning inside the classroom to real issues that affect our students and their families is key to help students see science as a tool to work for change in their communities. Place-based education, which is rooted in historic and Indigenous educational practices, strongly supports these goals. In our Physical Science course for ninth and tenth graders, we added an outdoor experiential component to our “Science of Water” unit thereby placing our learning about water into our local context of rural Northern California. From the chemical properties of water, power generation via our local hydroelectric dam, decisions about water usage and the effects on ecosystems, and the implications of climate change, students can see the connections between all of these topics rather than learning each in isolation in separate courses.

Place-based education in high school physical science

Due to the low number of physics majors choosing to go into high school teaching positions, there has been an increasing number of physics classrooms led by teachers with little to no background knowledge. These limitations reduce the effectiveness of the class, and tend to go unaddressed by public school systems. The Mitchell Institute Physics Enhancement Program was created to address these issues through assisting out-of-field teachers in gaining necessary background knowledge. Over a two week period, participants work with physics faculty as well as two master high school physics teachers, training in both their subject knowledge and implementation. Participant pre- and post-program knowledge and confidence were measured using an assessment compiled of questions from mechanics, electricity and magnetism, optics, and modern physics. New results from the 2021 and 2022 cohorts will be presented. Analysis of our findings will also be discussed to encourage other institutions to create similar programs.

Further development of out-of-field high school teacher preparation

Many K-12 teachers are teaching physics for the first time and are unfamiliar with best practices for the management of labs, demos, and materials. When teachers feel uncomfortable with labs and equipment, they simply won't do the labs, to the detriment of their students. This is an area where experienced physics teachers can greatly support and empower those new to teaching physics. New teachers should be given time within a professional development setting to use lab materials, gain familiarity with best lab practices in the classroom, and learn how to organize equipment effectively and safely. I will discuss my experiences with leading “New Physics Teacher Workshops” as well as professional development for my company, including outreach to find teachers needing help, motivation for teachers to attend the PD, and the gains they have made through attending.

Professional Development for K-12 Teachers New to Physics Labs

The motion of non-inertial reference frames and the forces involved in understanding them (Coriolis and centrifugal forces) are challenging concepts for introductory and advanced mechanics students. Predicting trajectories of an object due to fictitious forces is another challenge for students. An effective way of presenting this new material has been to create a complex rotating apparatus with two cameras or to find footage of such an apparatus. We built an interactive simulation of the traditional apparatus that many students find helpful when trying to understand the motion of objects in non-inertial reference frames. Students can change both the velocity of an object and the angular velocity of the reference frame it is viewed in and then view a real-time, side-by-side comparison of the object in different reference frames. The simulation was built in JavaScript, so it will run on most browsers on a computer or mobile device.

Creating an Interactive Simulation for Non-Inertial Reference Frames

The use of new technologies for educational purposes has been the subject of great interest in the general education and discipline-based education research communities. In recent years, new technological developments have emerged in the domains of Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR). In this work we present our development of five AR and MR enhanced simulations to support instruction in a second semester introductory physics course covering electricity and magnetism. The simulations were designed to support student learning by leveraging the improved visualization, interactivity, and immersion opportunities these technologies afford. We present preliminary versions of our simulations developed for iOS and Android smartphones, Microsoft HoloLens devices, and traditional PCs. Mixed sets of these devices can share synchronized simulations anchored to common spatial locations, and participants are able to work together in person or remotely.

Cross-Platform Interactive Simulations for Introductory Physics

When the pandemic forced most of us online, many teachers made use of their college’s Learning Management System. However, I have always found such systems to be slow and laggy, requiring way too many steps to update, and thus almost unusable to my ADHD brain. It was even more challenging during my wandering adjunct days when I might be teaching at multiple schools with their own systems and setups. Fortunately, I have dabbled in web development and was able to come up with an alternative. In this presentation I will describe some of the tools and practices I have created to replace the LMS with something more efficient for myself and my students alike.

Replacing the LMS as an ADHD Professor and Web Developer

Engaging students with well-designed clicker questions is one of the commonly used research-based instructional strategy in physics courses partly because it has a relatively low barrier to implementation. Moreover, validated robust sequences of clicker questions are likely to provide better scaffolding support and guidance to help students build a good knowledge structure of physics than an individual clicker question on a particular topic. Here we discuss the development, validation and in-class implementation of a clicker question sequence (CQS) for helping advanced undergraduate students learn about Larmor precession of spin, which takes advantage of the learning goals and inquiry-based guided learning sequences in a previously validated Quantum Interactive Learning Tutorial (QuILT). The in-class evaluation of the CQS using peer instruction is discussed by comparing upper-level undergraduate students’ performance after traditional lecture-based instruction and after engaging with the CQS.

Developing clicker questions on Larmor precession of spin in QM

The susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model is used to gain insights into the spread of COVID-19 in the United States during the omicron wave from December 2021 to April 2022. During that time, new COVID-19 infections are believed to have been caused primarily by the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In our model we assume that the reported infection rate data were caused solely by the omicron variant, independent of prior infection by other variants of COVID-19 and vaccinations. We fitted the infection rate data to the SIR model using three adjustable parameters: model population size, infection rate constant, and initial number infectious. Those parameters determine the height, width, and timing of the peak in the omicron wave, respectively. The resulting model successfully explains the omicron wave in the US, thus providing support for our assumptions and indicating that there is no significant difference between selected States of the Union.

Modeling the Omicron Wave of COVID-19 with the SIR Model

Helium-filled High Altitude Balloons (HABs) have been used by St. Catherine University all women’s research team to investigate the near-space environment. Due to low pressure, the balloons expand until they burst at approximately 32 km. Cosmic ray showers colliding with atmospheric particles are significant in the region where these HABs are flown. One of the constituents of the collision process is neutrons. A personal neutron dosimeter (PND) can be used to quantify neutrons through the appearance of bubbles as a result of neutron reactions with a liquid substrate. Over the years, flights have been flown consisting of a PND, heater circuit, Geiger – Mueller tubes, GPS, and a GoPro camera. Data analysis shows a correlation between the altitude of the neutrons in comparison to other shower-generated particles. The particle peak occurs between 15-25 km – correlating to the charged particle maximum known as the Regener-Pfotzer maximum.

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