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In this poster we examine what constitutes high, normal and low self-efficacy - or the confidence in one’s capability to perform a task - for one student. We draw from a study where we used a novel mixed methods design to examine how a student’s self-efficacy fluctuates over time. Quantitatively, we employed the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) using surveys of domain-specific self-efficacy. Qualitatively, we used daily journal reflections to investigate threats and supports toward students’ self-efficacy. In order to identify high, normal, and low moments of self-efficacy we have explored their individual interquartile range. Here, we will present our mixed-methods analysis to examine how disaggregating by time influences the process of identifying how, normal, and low self-efficacy.

AAPT SM 22

Investigating Measures of Self-Efficacy Disaggregated by Time

**Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics**

As a gateway discipline to STEM majors and careers, physics plays a central role in deciding who does, and who doesn't, get to discover and pursue scientific careers. Technical and scientific professionals are rewarded with economic privilege and status which affords them both social and cultural power. Therefore, social justice will be realized only when the opportunity, and the choice, to excel in physics is open to all students. The culture and practices of the physics classroom reflect the culture of physics at large, which raises the question of how our professional physics communities can embrace, rather than inadvertently repel, a diverse group of academics that can help improve physics culture.  To this end, the 2021 Physics Education Research Conference will focus on defining inclusive spaces and practices. Additionally, we will explore strategies for eliminating exclusionary practices in our classrooms, research spaces, and professional organizations. We call on the community to propose sessions that will drive conversations related to these initiatives throughout PERC 2021.

Please download the full program [here. ](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TRMC_SYJ3PUqXyP7sskA7LRSA8ow0eRE/view?usp=sharing)

PERC SM 21

August 4, 2021 - August 5, 2021 in a Virtual Conference Format

Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics

poster

AAPT meetings are a great way to reflect on your teaching, recommit to best practices and re-energize your career with new research, products, and techniques. Listen to internationally known plenary speakers, attend sessions, workshops, and special activities. This meeting is an excellent opportunity to share your expertise and learn from and network with leaders in the field.



The Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism (CSEM) is a multiple-choice survey that contains a variety of electricity and magnetism concepts at the level of introductory physics used to help inform instructors of student mastery of those concepts. Prior studies suggest that many concepts on the survey are challenging for introductory physics students and the average student scores after traditional instruction are low. The research presented here compares the performance of students in introductory, upper-level, and graduate-level physics courses on five CSEM questions to understand the cross-sectional evolution of student understanding of these concepts from the introductory to upper-level to graduate-level. We discuss five CSEM questions that remain challenging for many upper-level and graduate students.

Evolution in student conceptual understanding of electricity and magnetism

Societal stereotypes and biases pertaining to who belongs in physics and who can excel in physics can impact motivational beliefs, e.g., of women and racial and ethnic minority students in physics courses. This study investigates how the learning environment predicts male and female students’ motivational beliefs including physics self-efficacy, interest, and identity at the end of year long (spanning two-semester) algebra-based introductory physics courses. These were courses at a large university in the US taken primarily by biological science majors many of whom are interested in health professions. Although women are not underrepresented in these physics courses, societal stereotypes and biases internalized by female students over their lifetime can still impact their motivational beliefs about physics. Our findings show gender gap in motivational beliefs favoring men. These findings can be useful to provide support and create an equitable and inclusive learning environment to help all students excel in these courses.

Learning environment predicts women's motivational beliefs in introductory physics courses

Research-validated clicker questions as instructional tools for formative assessment are relatively easy to implement and can provide effective scaffolding when developed and implemented in a sequence. We present findings from the implementation of a research-validated Clicker Question Sequence (CQS) on student understanding of the time-development of two-state quantum systems. This study was conducted in an advanced undergraduate quantum mechanics course. The effectiveness of the CQS was determined by evaluating students’ performance after traditional lecture-based instruction and comparing it to their performance after engaging with the CQS.

Using Clicker Question Sequence to Teach Time-Development in Quantum Mechanics

Given the central importance of increasing high school students’ interest as a goal of physics education in international science standards, empirical support for the theoretical description of interest is essential. Previous studies about students’ interest in physics focused on gender issues and did not include modern physics contents. Thus, we investigate which aspects of physics students are interested in and whether they can be categorised into different interest types based on their interest profiles and physics-related self-concept. We conducted a cross-cohort study with German-speaking students aged 14 to 16 years (N = 1214). A mixed Rasch analysis revealed that most students are interested in physics only when set in a context related to one’s own body, socio-scientific issues, and existential questions of humankind. Knowing high school students’ types of interest will enable educators to better design their learning activities and increase their students’ interest.

Students’ Types of Interest in Physics

We investigate the effect of working in mixed or same-gender groups on physics self-efficacy and self-reported ''peer influence on self-efficacy" in a calculus-based introductory physics course in which women are severely underrepresented. We found that men had higher physics self-efficacy and reported higher peer influence on self-efficacy than women, likely due to societal stereotypes and biases. All students except those who worked in same-gender groups had a decrease in average physics self-efficacy from the beginning to the end of the semester. Finally, gender predicted self-efficacy for students who worked in mixed-gender groups, but not for those in same-gender groups. Our findings suggest that instructors should implement classroom policies that encourage equitable and inclusive group work, so that all students can thrive.

Female students’ self-efficacy benefits most from same-gender group work

In this work, we used survey data and grade information to compare the predictive power of self-reported self-efficacy and test anxiety on low-stakes (e.g., homework and quizzes) and high-stakes (e.g., traditional exams) assessment scores in a traditionally taught large introductory physics course. We found that there are gender differences in both self-efficacy and test anxiety, as well as in high-stakes assessment outcomes. There were no gender differences in low-stakes assessment scores. Further, we found that models that control for self-efficacy and/or test anxiety eliminate the predictive power of gender for high-stakes assessment scores. Finally, we found that self-efficacy partially mediates the effect of test anxiety on high-stakes assessment outcomes. These trends suggest that teaching methods that alleviate test anxiety have the potential to create a more equitable learning environment.

Does test anxiety explain gender differences in physics exam scores?

Research suggests that students’ self-efficacy, interest and identity in physics can influence their learning, performance and career decisions. However, there are few studies focusing on how inclusiveness of learning environment shapes these motivational beliefs of women and men. Therefore, we conducted a study to investigate how students’ perception of the inclusiveness of learning environment (including sense of belonging, peer interaction and perceived recognition) predicts students’ physics self-efficacy, interest and identity in a calculus-based introductory physics course. Findings can be useful in creating equitable and inclusive learning environments in which all students can thrive. We thank the National Science Foundation for support.

How inclusiveness of learning environment predicts students’ physics motivational beliefs

This research focuses on the experiences of three undergraduate white women who are physics and astronomy majors. Specifically we conducted semi-structured, empathetic interviews which reveal how uncomfortable physics environments inside and outside of the classroom exclude undergraduate women. The women give accounts of the behaviors of their male peers and instructors that influenced the physics culture. We use standpoint theory to focus on the experiences of undergraduate women to provide a holistic perspective of physics as well as identify key issues that these women faced in their undergraduate physics program and potential strategies to implement in the future to support undergraduate women in physics and astronomy. Some of their suggestions include providing mentoring for women, holding members of the department accountable, providing feedback for instructors, and training sessions.

Negative impacts of an unwelcoming physics environment on undergraduate women

The Brief Electricity and Magnetism Assessment (BEMA) is a multiple-choice instrument measuring a student’s conceptual understanding of electricity and magnetism. This study applied modified module analysis—partial (MMA-P), a network analytic method that identifies groups of responses using partial correlations, correcting for overall instrument score, to post-test BEMA data from one institution over many years (N =12,214). In module analysis, groups of correlated responses are called “communities.” As in previous applications of MMA-P to mechanics conceptual inventories, a number of communities related to physics concepts and some communities related to the structure of blocked items in the inventory were identified. This work supports previous results of an analysis of the Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism that suggest the existence of a rich collection of misconceptions and naïve conceptions about electricity and magnetism which are consistently applied by students after instruction in introductory physics.

Module Analysis of The Brief Electricity and Magnetism Assessment

This study investigates the three facets of the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS): personal application, personal effort, and problem-solving. The sample consists of students from a large eastern land-grant university enrolled in Physics 1 (calculus-based mechanics class). These students are primarily pursuing engineering degrees. Item Response Theory (IRT) estimates a latent variable capturing expert-like scientific attitudes. Correlations among the variables: the latent variable, the facets, FMCE pretest, and post-test scores, course grade, ACT/SAT scores, and general high school preparation school are calculated, and regression analysis is done to explore what factors explain the variance in each facet and the latent variable and to what degree.

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