United States

We investigated the effect of the pandemic on teacher quit rates using public records from the U.S. Dept. of Labor. Over the past 20 years, people employed by public educational institutions (the vast majority of whom are K-12 teachers) voluntarily left their jobs at a lower rate than nearly all other groups. During the pandemic, teacher quit rates did not change significantly, while the quit rates for most other occupation groups rose sharply during 2021. This finding brings up questions about how teachers have been impacted by the pandemic relative to other professionals and has implications for how we talk with students and others about career choices.

AAPT SM 22

Teachers quit at lower rates than most other professionals

AAPT meetings are a great way to reflect on your teaching, recommit to best practices and re-energize your career with new research, products, and techniques. Listen to internationally known plenary speakers, attend sessions, workshops, and special activities. This meeting is an excellent opportunity to share your expertise and learn from and network with leaders in the field.



technical paper

This study applied survival analysis to explore outcomes of students pursuing STEM majors at a large, eastern, land-grant university. Students who attended high school in rural locales and those who were first-generation college students displayed qualitatively different patterns of changing majors and of departing the university than did continuing-generation, non-rural students. This suggests that the most crucial points in the college career to provide support or encouragement to make the decision to continue may also differ. Logistic regression was used to examine factors, including high school preparation and college course-taking patterns, that correlate with persistence and successful progress in STEM majors.

Examining Factors Related to Rural, First-Generation Student Persistence in STEM

Typically, physics education research addresses alternatives to transmission-based models of instruction. In light of critical pedagogy, I argue that the more relevant model to address is the banking model of education as identified by Paulo Freire, which subjects students to the colonialist consciousness and obedience to authority. In doing so, we can better identify root structural issues that plague the physics community. I argue that the Western conception of objectivity in science is motivated by the colonialist consciousness. The rigidity of what is considered science limits the identity of scientists to those of European descent, erasing the historical scientific knowledge of other peoples, such as the Indigenous peoples. I demonstrate a framework in which physics education is informed by critical pedagogy, as shaped by bell hooks and Sandy Grande, principled upon respect, reciprocity, and the human experience.

The Banking Model of Physics Education

Epistemic agency, or agency over knowledge, is well-studied in K-12 STEM learning environments and an area of current research within university physics laboratories. However, it has not been explored in upper division and major courses. In this talk, we explore how students engage in practices mirroring those of professional physicists in a project-based computational physics course designed to support students' epistemic agency. We introduce the overlapping yet distinct concept of pragmatic agency, or agency over practical decisions, to understand how students work evolves. We focus on a project where they also engage in making: they build physical and computational models in parallel. We argue for the importance of students having extensive agency over what to model and how to model for developing a grasp of computational physics practice.

Pragmatic and Epistemic Agency in A Project-based Computational Physics Course

As part of an effort to examine students’ mathematical sensemaking in a spins-first quantum mechanics course, students were asked to construct an eigenvalue equation for an operator that represents the position of a particle constrained to exist along a line. A subset of student responses took the general form of an eigenvalue equation written in Dirac notation. These responses were indicative of a few different ways of thinking about eigenvalue equations: a standard geometric interpretation, operating as measuring, and the eigenvalue equation as it relates to potential outcomes of measurement. In the context of Sherin’s symbolic forms framework, these data suggest three different symbolic forms for an eigenvalue equation that all share a single symbol template but have different conceptual schemata.

Student-Constructed Eigenvalue Equations in Quantum Mechanics: A Symbolic Forms Analysis

One important outcome of physics instruction is for students to be capable of relating physical concepts to multiple mathematical representations. In quantum mechanics (QM), students are asked to work across multiple symbolic notations, including some not encountered in previous coursework. To investigate student understanding of the relationships between expressions used in these various notations and generic vector expressions, a survey was distributed to students in upper-division QM courses at multiple institutions. The courses surveyed included those structured both as “spins-first” and “wave functions-first.” Network analysis techniques were used to compare student understanding of common expressions used in these courses, in both Dirac notation and wave function notation. Preliminary analysis suggests that, in addition to more distinct morphological grouping, students in “spins-first” courses also appear to conceptualize Dirac expressions as more vector-like than those in “wave-functions first” courses, consistent with the instructional emphasis.

Network Analysis of Student Interpretations of Dirac Expressions Across Curricula

We designed a rubric to assess free-response exam problems in order to compare thinking skills evidenced in exams in classes taught by different pedagogies. The rubric was designed based on Bloom’s taxonomy (revised version) [1-3]. It was then used to code exam problems. We are now using this rubric to analyze the thinking skills of students taught online during covid vs. students taught in class after covid. We analyzed exams from different sections of the algebra-based physics course taught online during covid and in class after covid. We discuss the instrument, present results and future research plans.

Assessing Thinking Skills in Free-response Exam Problems: Covid vs. Non-covid

Quantum mechanics is increasingly being taught “spins-first”: using systems with spin as examples before systems with wave functions. It is important for spins-first instructors to understand how students apply knowledge from spin systems to understand the continuous quantum systems that they study later. We are studying the ideas that students have about discrete bases, continuous bases, and the connections between them. We interviewed six students who were enrolled in a spins-first quantum mechanics course and asked them to participate in a card-sorting task where they organized twenty cards with a variety of quantum mechanics content and representations including braket notation, matrix notation, function notation, and code snippets. In this talk, we will discuss the reasoning participants used to organize cards into “discrete” and “continuous” categories as well as how students described the different types of representations as communicating “discreteness”.

How Students Compare and Contrast the “Discreteness” of Quantum Representations

Previous research has shown that students who demonstrate sufficient skills and conceptual understanding to reason productively may perform inconsistently on analogous questions. Such inconsistencies can be explained via dual process theories of reasoning (DPToR). To gain insight into students’ reasoning trajectories, we developed an exploratory sequence of DPToR-aligned metacognitive prompts and administered the sequence immediately after students answered a physics question containing salient distracting features. The metacognitive prompts asked students to reflect on their initial ideas, the extent to which they had doubts about those ideas, the extent to which their final answer differed from those ideas, the nature of their reasoning approach, and their confidence in their own understanding. In this talk, we describe how we use student responses to these prompts, along with timing data and a measure of cognitive reflection skills, to investigate students’ reasoning trajectories.

Using Metacognitive Prompts to Explore Student Reasoning Trajectories*

Over the past several years, the Partnership for Integrating Computation into Undergraduate Physics (PICUP) has curated a collection of materials to help instructors add in computational modeling to their courses. I’ll discuss the various resources and how you can contribute to the community.

Exercise Sets, Faculty Commons, and Resources of the PICUP Website

The Partnership for the Integration of Computation into Undergraduate Physics (PICUP) has had numerous successes since its beginning. However, challenges do remain as change is a slow process. This talk, by the external evaluator for PICUP, provides an overview of the summative evaluation featured in the PICUP Capstone Conference Report. Potential future avenues are also discussed.

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Examining Factors Related to Rural, First-Generation Student Persistence in STEM

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Formative peer grading in project-based learning: is it reliable?

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