United States


Patronizing and condescending language (PCL) can find its way into many mediums of public discourse. Presence of PCL in text can produce negative effects in the society. The challenge presented by the task emerges from the subtleties of PCL and various data dependent constraints. Hence, developing techniques to detect PCL in text, before it is propagated is vital. The aim of this paper is twofold, a) to present systems that can be used to classify a text as containing PCL or not, and b) to present systems that assign the different categories of PCL present in text. The proposed systems are primarily rooted in transformer-based pre- trained language models. Among the models submitted for Subtask 1, the best F1-Score of 0.5436 was achieved by a deep learning based ensemble model. This system secured the rank 29 in the official task ranking. For Subtask 2, the best macro-average F1-Score of 0.339 was achieved by an ensemble model combining transformer-based neural architecture with gradient boosting label-balanced classifiers. This system secured the rank 21 in the official task ranking. Among subsequently carried out experiments a variation in architecture of a system for Subtask 2 achieved a macro-average F1-Score of 0.3527.

NAACL 2022

Binary and Multi-label Classification of PCL using Fine-tuned Transformer-based Models

pcl classification

fuzzy c-means

xgboost

transformer-based language models

binary classification

multi-label classification

## Welcome to NAACL 2022!
The Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL) is taking place July 10-15, 2022 as a hybrid event, in Seattle, WA and online. We are happy to welcome all of you to conference! 
 
The main conference program features oral presentations, in-person and virtual posters and demo sessions, a plenary session for our best paper presentations and awards, keynote presentations, a plenary panel on the place of linguistics and symbolic structures in NLP, and an Industrial Track panel on Careers in NLP.
 
Posters (including Findings of NAACL 2022) and demos are grouped by areas for both the in-person and the virtual sessions. For the virtual component, the talks will be on Zoom and the posters and the demos will be in GatherTown. The Student Research Workshop and will have an oral session and a poster session.
 
The program also features 6 Tutorials and 26 Workshops.
 
 We wish you a wonderful conference!
 
[The NAACL 2022 Organizing Committee](https://2022.naacl.org/committees/organization/)

2022 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

workshop paper

This paper describes INF-UFRGS submission for SemEval-2022 Task 5 Multimodal Automatic Misogyny Identification (MAMI). Unprecedented levels of harassment came with the ever-growing internet usage as a mean of worldwide communication. The goal of the task is to improve the quality of existing methods for misogyny identification, many of which require dedicated personnel, hence the need for automation. We experimented with five existing models, including ViLBERT and Visual BERT - both uni and multimodally pretrained - and MMBT. The datasets consist of memes with captions in English. The results show that all models achieved Macro-F1 scores above 0.64. ViLBERT was the best performer with a score of 0.698.

INF-UFRGS at SemEval-2022 Task 5: analyzing the performance of multimodal models

In this presentation, we are going to talk about the work we've done in task3, PreTENS, which is aimed at evaluating the acceptability of simple sentences containing constructions whose two arguments are presupposed to be or not to be in an ordered taxonomic relation.

Recognize Appropriate Taxonomic Relations Between Two Nominal Arguments with ERNIE-M Model

In the SubTaskA, we use InfoXLM as text encoder and exponential moving average (EMA) method and the adversarial attack strategy.

In the SubTaskB, we add an cross-attention module, contrastive objective and employ a momentum contrast.

Additionally, we use the alignment and uniformity properties to measure the quality of sentence embeddings.

ZhichunRoad at SemEval-2022 Task 2: Adversarial Training and Contrastive Learning for Multiword Representations

Kyle (1985) proposes two types of rumors: in- formed rumors that are based on some private information and uninformed rumors that are not based on any information (i.e. bluffing). Also, prior studies find that when people have credible source of information, they are likely to use a more confident textual tone in their spreading of rumors. Motivated by these theoretical findings, we propose a double-channel structure to determine the ex-ante veracity of rumors on social media. Our ultimate goal is to classify each rumor into true, false, or unverifiable category. We first assign each text into either certain (informed rumor) or uncertain (uninformed rumor) category. Then, we apply lie detection algorithm to informed rumors and thread-reply agreement detection algorithm to uninformed rumors. Using the dataset of SemEval 2019 Task 7, which requires ex-ante threefold classification (true, false, or unverifiable) of social media rumors, our model yields a macro-F1 score of 0.4027, outperforming all the baseline models and the second-place winner (Gorrell et al., 2019). Furthermore, we empirically validate that the double-channel structure outperforms single-channel structures which use either lie detection or agreement de- tection algorithm to all posts.

Detecting Rumor Veracity with Only Textual Information by Double-Channel Structure

The last few years have witnessed an exponential rise in the propagation of offensive text on social media. Identification of this text with high precision is crucial for the well-being of society. Most of the existing approaches tend to give high toxicity scores to innocuous statements (e.g., “I am a gay man”). These false positives result from over-generalization on the training data where specific terms in the statement may have been used in a pejorative sense (e.g., “gay”). Emphasis on such words alone can lead to discrimination against the classes these systems are designed to protect. In this paper, we address the problem of offensive language detection on Twitter, while also detecting the type and the target of the offence. We propose a novel approach called SyLSTM, which integrates syntactic features in the form of the dependency parse tree of a sentence and semantic features in the form of word embeddings into a deep learning architecture using a Graph Convolutional Network. Results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art BERT model with orders of magnitude fewer number of parameters.

Leveraging Dependency Grammar for Fine-Grained Offensive Language Detection using Graph Convolutional Networks

The present work constitutes an attempt to investigate the relational structures learnt by mBERT, a multilingual transformer-based network, with respect to different cross-linguistic regularities proposed in the fields of theoretical and quantitative linguistics. We pursued this objective by relying on a zero-shot transfer experiment, evaluating the model's ability to generalize its native task to artificial languages that could either respect or violate some proposed language universal, and comparing its performance to the output of BERT, a monolingual model with an identical configuration. We created four artificial corpora through a Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar by manipulating the distribution of tokens and the structure of their dependency relations. We showed that while both models were favoured by a Zipfian distribution of the tokens and by the presence of head-dependency type structures, the multilingual transformer network exhibited a stronger reliance on hierarchical cues compared to its monolingual counterpart.

Multilingualism Encourages Recursion: a Transfer Study with mBERT

This study describes the structure and the results of the SIGTYP 2022 shared task on the prediction of cognate reflexes from multilingual wordlists. We asked participants to submit systems that would predict words in individual languages with the help of cognate words from related languages. Training and surprise data were based on standardized multilingual wordlists from several language families. Four teams submitted a total of eight systems, including both neural and non-neural systems, as well as systems adjusted to the task and systems using more general settings. While all systems showed a rather promising performance, reflecting the overwhelming regularity of sound change, the best performance throughout was achieved by a system based on convolutional networks originally designed for image restoration.

The SIGTYP 2022 Shared Task on the Prediction of Cognate Reflexes

This talk introduces a database for cross-linguistic modal semantics. the purpose of this database is to (1) enable ongoing consolidation of modal semantic typological knowledge into a repository according to uniform data standards and to (2) provide data for investigations in crosslinguistic modal semantic theory and experiments explaining such theories. We describe the kind of semantic variation that the database aims to record, the format of the data, and a current snapshot of the database, emphasizing access and contribution to the database in light of the goals above. Additionally, we dicuss some research potentials of this database.

A Database for Modal Semantic Typology

In Jäger (2019) a computational framework was defined to start from parallel word lists of related languages and infer the corresponding vocabulary of the shared proto-language. The SIGTYP 2022 Shared Task is closely related. The main difference is that what is to be reconstructed is not the proto-form but an unknown word from an extant language. The system described here is a re-implementation of the tools used in the mentioned paper, adapted to the current task.

Bayesian phylogenetic cognate prediction

This work describes an implementation of the “extended alignment” model for cognate reflex prediction submitted to the “SIGTYP 2022 Shared Task on the Prediction of Cognate Reflexes”. Similarly to List et al. (2022a), the technique involves an automatic extension of sequence alignments with multilayered vectors that encode informational tiers on both site-specific traits, such as sound classes and distinctive features, as well as contextual and suprasegmental ones, conveyed by cross-site referrals and replication. The method allows to generalize the problem of cognate reflex prediction as a classification problem, with models trained using a parallel corpus of cognate sets. A model using random forests is trained and evaluated on the shared task for reflex prediction, and the experimental results are presented and discussed along with some differences to other implementations.

Binary and Multi-label Classification of PCL using Fine-tuned Transformer-based Models

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INF-UFRGS at SemEval-2022 Task 5: analyzing the performance of multimodal models

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