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Patronizing and Condescending Language (PCL) towards vulnerable communities in general media has been shown to have potentially harmful effects. Due to its subtlety and the good intentions behind its use, the audience is not aware of the language&#39;s toxicity. In this paper, we present our method for the SemEval-2022 Task4 titled &quot;Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection&quot;. In Subtask A, a binary classification task, we introduce adversarial training based on Fast Gradient Method (FGM) and employ pre-trained model in a unified architecture. For Subtask B, framed as a multi-label classification problem, we utilize various improved multi-label cross-entropy loss functions and analyze the performance of our method. In the final evaluation, our system achieved official rankings of 17/79 and 16/49 on Subtask A and Subtask B, respectively. In addition, we explore the relationship between PCL and emotional polarity and intensity it contains.

NAACL 2022

GUTS at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Adversarial Training and Balancing Methods for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection

patronizing and condescending language detection

data imbalance

adversarial training

## Welcome to NAACL 2022!
The Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL) is taking place July 10-15, 2022 as a hybrid event, in Seattle, WA and online. We are happy to welcome all of you to conference! 
 
The main conference program features oral presentations, in-person and virtual posters and demo sessions, a plenary session for our best paper presentations and awards, keynote presentations, a plenary panel on the place of linguistics and symbolic structures in NLP, and an Industrial Track panel on Careers in NLP.
 
Posters (including Findings of NAACL 2022) and demos are grouped by areas for both the in-person and the virtual sessions. For the virtual component, the talks will be on Zoom and the posters and the demos will be in GatherTown. The Student Research Workshop and will have an oral session and a poster session.
 
The program also features 6 Tutorials and 26 Workshops.
 
 We wish you a wonderful conference!
 
[The NAACL 2022 Organizing Committee](https://2022.naacl.org/committees/organization/)

2022 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Patronizing and Condescending Language (PCL) towards vulnerable communities in general media has been shown to have potentially harmful effects. Due to its subtlety and the good intentions behind its use, the audience is not aware of the language's toxicity. In this paper, we present our method for the SemEval-2022 Task4 titled "Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection". In Subtask A, a binary classification task, we introduce adversarial training based on Fast Gradient Method (FGM) and employ pre-trained model in a unified architecture. For Subtask B, framed as a multi-label classification problem, we utilize various improved multi-label cross-entropy loss functions and analyze the performance of our method. In the final evaluation, our system achieved official rankings of 17/79 and 16/49 on Subtask A and Subtask B, respectively. In addition, we explore the relationship between PCL and emotional polarity and intensity it contains.

workshop paper

This paper describes the system used by the Machine Learning Group of LTU in subtask 1 of the SemEval-2022 Task 4: Patronizing and Condescending Language (PCL) Detection. Our system consists of finetuning a pretrained
Text-to-Text-Transfer Transformer (T5) and innovatively reducing its out-of-class predictions. The main contributions of this paper are 1) the description of the implementation details of the T5 model we used, 2) analysis of the successes
& struggles of the model in this task, and 3) ablation studies beyond the official submission to ascertain the relative importance of data split. Our model achieves an F1 score of 0.5452 on the official test set.

ML_LTU at SemEval-2022 Task 4: T5 Towards Identifying Patronizing and Condescending Language

The multilingual complex named entity recognition task of SemEval2020 required participants to detect semantically ambiguous and complex entities in 11 languages. In order to participate in this competition, a deep learning model is being used with the T5 text-to-text language model and its multilingual version, MT5, along with the transformer's encoder module. The subtoken check has also been introduced, resulting in a 4% increase in the model F1-score in English. We also examined the use of the BPEmb model for converting input tokens to representation vectors in this research. A performance evaluation of the proposed entity detection model is presented at the end of this paper. Six different scenarios were defined, and the proposed model was evaluated in each scenario within the English development set. Our model is also evaluated in other languages.

Multilingual complex named entity recognition using T5 and transformer encoder

The paper describes SemEval-2022’s shared task "Intended Sarcasm Detection in English and Arabic." This task includes English and Arabic tweets with sarcasm and non-sarcasm samples and irony speech labels. The first two subtasks predict whether a text is sarcastic and the ironic category the sarcasm sample belongs to. The third one is to find the sarcastic sample from a sarcastic sample and its non-sarcastic paraphrase. Deep neural networks have recently achieved highly competitive performance in many tasks. Combining deep learning with language models has also resulted in acceptable accuracy. Inspired by this, we propose a novel deep learning model on top of language models. On top of T5, the architecture uses an encoder module of the transformer, followed by LSTM and attention to utilizing past and future information, concentrating on informative tokens. Due to the success of the proposed model, we used the same architecture
with a few modifications to the output layer in all three subtasks.

iSarcasm Detection via T5 
and Sequence Learners

Detecting sarcasm and verbal irony from people’s subjective statements is crucial to understanding their intended meanings and real sentiments and positions in social scenarios. This paper describes the X-PuDu system that participated in SemEval-2022 Task 6, iSarcasmEval-Intended Sarcasm Detection in English and Arabic, which aims at detecting intended sarcasm in various settings of natural language understanding. Our solution finetunes pre-trained language models, such as ERNIE-M and DeBERTa, under the multilingual settings to recognize the irony from Arabic and English texts. Our system ranked second out of 43, and ninth out of 32 in Task A: one-sentence detection in English and Arabic; fifth out of 22 in Task B: binary multi-label classification in English; first out of 16, and fifth out of 13 in Task C: sentence-pair detection in English and Arabic. 


X-PuDu at SemEval-2022 Task 6: Multilingual Learning for English and Arabic Sarcasm Detection

Sentiment analysis is a classical problem of natural language processing. SemEval 2022 sets a problem on the structured sentiment analysis in task 10, which is also a study-worthy topic in research area. In this paper, we propose a method which can predict structured sentiment information on multiple languages with limited data. The ERNIE-M pretrained language model is employed as a lingual feature extractor which works well on multiple language processing, followed by a graph parser as a opinion extractor. The method can predict structured sentiment information with high interpretability. We apply data augmentation as the given datasets are so small. Furthermore, we use K-fold cross-validation and DeBERTaV3 pretrained model as extra English embedding generator to train multiple models as our ensemble strategies. Experimental results show that the proposed model has considerable performance on both monolingual and cross-lingual tasks.

SPDB Innovation Lab at SemEval-2022 Task 10: A Novel End-to-End
Structured Sentiment Analysis Model based on the ERNIE-M

Our presentation describes our system, which placed third in the Multilingual Track (subtask 11), fourth in the Code-Mixed Track (subtask 12), and seventh in the Chinese Track (subtask 9) in the SemEval 2022 Task 11: MultiCoNER Multilingual Complex Named Entity Recognition. Our system's key contributions are as follows: 1) For multilingual NER tasks, we offer an unified framework with which one can easily execute single-language or multilingual NER tasks, 2) for low-resource code-mixed NER task, one can easily enhance his or her dataset through implementing several simple data augmentation methods and 3) for Chinese tasks, we propose a model that can capture Chinese lexical semantic, lexical border, and lexical graph structural information. Finally, our system 
achieves macro-f1 scores of 77.66, 84.35, and 74.00 on subtasks 11, 12, and 9, respectively, during the testing phase.

Qtrade AI at SemEval-2022 Task 11: An Unified Framework for Multilingual NER Task

We present the participation of the EMBEDDIA team in the SemEval-2022 Task 8 (Multilingual News Article Similarity). We cover several techniques and propose different methods for finding the multilingual news article similarity by exploring the dataset in its entirety. We take advantage of the textual content of the articles, the provided metadata (e.g., titles, keywords, topics), the translated articles, the images (those that were available), and knowledge graph-based representations for entities and relations present in the articles. We, then, compute the semantic similarity between the different features and predict through regression the similarity scores. Our findings show that, while our proposed methods obtained promising results, exploiting the semantic textual similarity with sentence representations is unbeatable. Finally, in the official SemEval-2022 Task 8, we ranked fifth in the overall team ranking cross-lingual results, and second in the English-only results.

EMBEDDIA at SemEval-2022 Task 8: Investigating Sentence, Image, and Knowledge Graph Representations for Multilingual News Article Similarity

This paper describes the submission of the team Amrita_CEN to the shared task on iSarcasm Eval: Intended Sarcasm Detection in English and Arabic at SemEval 2022. 
The sarcasm detection task was formulated as a classification problem and modelled using machine learning classifiers. We used K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, and the Random Forest ensemble method. In addition, the class imbalance problem in the dataset was addressed using a feature engineering technique. We submitted the predictions by SVM, Logistic Regression and Random Forest ensemble based on the performance during training. 


A Machine Learning Approach for Detecting Intended Sarcasm using Oversampling

The system for solving task 3 of SemEval-2022 is described in the paper. The task focuses in recognizing lexical structures by providing two nominal arguments and evaluating the degree of appropriation taxonomic relations. In the paper, we explore the effect of adding language tag in front of the sentence. And the dataset is splitted to avoid translation information to be learnt by the model. We propose an unified approach finetuned on the multilingual pretrained model, XLM-RoBERTa, which performs well in subtask 1 (the binary classification subtask). In order to verify our hypothesis that model could also perform better in subtask 2, the ranking score is transformed to classification labels by up-sampling strategy. Therefore, the both subtasks can be solved by the unified approach. Better results can be obtained by the ensemble model. Finally, the model finished second for subtask 1 and subtask 2 in the competition evaluation.

A Unified Approach Fine-tuned onMultilingual Pretrained Model for PreTENS

This paper describes a system that we built to participate in the SemEval 2022 Task 11: MultiCoNER Multilingual Complex Named Entity Recognition, specifically the track Mono-lingual in English. To construct this system, we used Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs). Especially, the Pre-trained Model base on BERT is applied for the task of recognizing named entities by fine-tuning method. We performed the evaluation on two test datasets of the shared task: the Practice Phase and the Evaluation Phase of the competition.

GUTS at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Adversarial Training and Balancing Methods for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection

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