United States

In this work we study the association between the song lyrics and \textit{mood} associations with the song, and conduct a data driven analysis to compare how lyrics and acoustics each contribute to the understanding of a song&#39;s mood. We conduct our study on a data set containing nearly one million songs, with song-mood associations derived from user playlists on a streaming platform. We take advantage of  state-of-the-art natural language processing models based on transformers to learn the association between the lyrics and moods. We find that a pretrained transformer-based model in zero-shot setting -- i.e., out of the box with no further training on our data -- is powerful for capturing song-mood associations. Moreover, we illustrate that training on song-mood associations results in a highly accurate model that predicts these associations for unseen songs. Furthermore, by comparing the prediction of a model using lyrics with one using acoustics, we observe that the relative importance of lyrics in comparison with acoustics depends on the specific mood. Finally, we verify if the models are capturing the same information about lyrics and acoustics as humans by conducting a manual annotation task on a hundred songs where we obtain human judgments of mood-song relevance based on lyrics and acoustics in isolation.

ICWSM 2022

The Contribution of Lyrics and Acoustics to Collaborative Understanding of Mood

music lyrics and acoustics

music mood prediction

pretrained language models

# Welcome everyone to ACL 2022!

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In this work we study the association between the song lyrics and \textit{mood} associations with the song, and conduct a data driven analysis to compare how lyrics and acoustics each contribute to the understanding of a song's mood. We conduct our study on a data set containing nearly one million songs, with song-mood associations derived from user playlists on a streaming platform. We take advantage of  state-of-the-art natural language processing models based on transformers to learn the association between the lyrics and moods. We find that a pretrained transformer-based model in zero-shot setting -- i.e., out of the box with no further training on our data -- is powerful for capturing song-mood associations. Moreover, we illustrate that training on song-mood associations results in a highly accurate model that predicts these associations for unseen songs. Furthermore, by comparing the prediction of a model using lyrics with one using acoustics, we observe that the relative importance of lyrics in comparison with acoustics depends on the specific mood. Finally, we verify if the models are capturing the same information about lyrics and acoustics as humans by conducting a manual annotation task on a hundred songs where we obtain human judgments of mood-song relevance based on lyrics and acoustics in isolation.

technical paper

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The International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM) is a forum for researchers from multiple disciplines to come together to share knowledge, discuss ideas, exchange information, and learn about cutting-edge research in diverse fields with the common theme of online social media. This overall theme includes research in new perspectives in social theories, as well as computational algorithms for analyzing social media. ICWSM is a singularly fitting venue for research that blends social science and computational approaches to answer important and challenging questions about human social behavior through social media while advancing computational tools for vast and unstructured data.

Online review systems are the primary means through which many businesses seek to build the brand and spread their messages. Prior research studying the effects of online reviews has been mainly focused on a single numerical cause, e.g., ratings or sentiment scores. We argue that such notions of causes entail three key limitations: they solely consider the effects of single numerical causes and ignore different effects of multiple aspects -- e.g., Food, Service -- embedded in the textual reviews; they assume away the presence of hidden confounders in observational studies, e.g., consumers' personal preferences; and they overlook the indirect effects of numerical causes that can potentially cancel out the effect of textual reviews on business revenue. We thereby propose an alternative perspective to this single-cause-based effect estimation of online reviews: in the presence of hidden confounders, we consider multi-aspect textual reviews, particularly, their total effects on business revenue and direct effects with the numerical cause -- ratings -- being the mediator. We draw on recent advances in machine learning and causal inference to together estimate the hidden confounders and causal effects. We present empirical evaluations using real-world examples to discuss the importance and implications of differentiating the multi-aspect effects in strategizing business operations.

Effects of Multi-Aspect Online Reviews with Unobserved Confounders: Estimation and Implication

Moral dilemmas play an important role in theorizing both about ethical norms and moral psychology. Yet thought experiments borrowed from the philosophical literature often lack the nuances and complexity of real life. We leverage 100,000 threads—the largest collection to date—from Reddit’s r/AmItheAsshole to examine the features of everyday moral dilemmas. Combining topic modeling with evaluation from both expert and crowd-sourced workers, we discover 47 finer-grained, meaningful topics and group them into five meta-categories. We show that most dilemmas combine at least two topics, such as family and money. We also observe that the pattern of topic co-occurrence carries interesting information about the structure of everyday moral concerns: for example, the generation of moral dilemmas from nominally neutral topics, and interaction effects in which final verdicts do not line up with the moral concerns in the original stories in any simple way. Our analysis demonstrates the utility of a fine-grained data-driven approach to online moral dilemmas, and provides a valuable resource for researchers aiming to explore the intersection of practical and theoretical ethics.

Mapping Topics in 100,000 Real-life Moral Dilemmas

How we perceive our surrounding world impacts how we live in and react to it. In this study, we propose LaBel (Latent Beliefs Model), an alternative to topic modeling that uncovers latent semantic dimensions from transformer-based embeddings and enables their representation as generated phrases rather than word lists. We use LaBel to explore the major beliefs that humans have about the world and other prevalent domains, such as education or parenting. Although human beliefs have been explored in previous works, our proposed model helps automate the exploring process to rely less on human experts, saving time and manual efforts, especially when working with large corpus data. Our approach to LaBel uses a novel modification of autoregressive transformers to effectively generate texts conditioning on a vector input format. Differently from topic modeling methods, our generated texts (e.g. “the world is truly in your favor”) are discourse segments rather than word lists, which helps convey semantics in a more natural manner with full context. We evaluate LaBel dimensions using both an intrusion task as well as a classification task of identifying categories of major beliefs in tweets finding greater accuracies than popular topic modeling approaches.

Modeling Latent Dimensions of Human Beliefs

The tremendous growth of social media has been accompanied by highly advanced online social network (OSN) technologies. Such advanced technologies have been heavily utilized by perpetrators as convenient tools for deceiving people in online worlds. Social capital has been discussed as a powerful mechanism to leverage interpersonal relationships in social networks in order for an individual to achieve his/her goal.  The beauty of social capital is the ability to materialize non-monetary, less costly, and non-economic resources into tools to solve social problems. In this paper, we aim to leverage social capital (SC) to minimize online users' vulnerabilities to online deception.  In particular, we propose a Social cApital-based FriEnd Recommendation scheme, called SAFER, that can protect OSN users from phishing attacks. We quantify three dimensions of social capital, namely, structural, cognitive, and relational, based on user features obtained from real datasets and model a user's friending behavior based on their social capital.  In addition, to model a user's behavior upon being attacked by phishing attacker, we developed the so-called SER-SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Recovered-Susceptible, Exposed, Infected, and Recovered) model as a variant of the SEIR model.  Via extensive simulation experiments based on two real datasets considering bot-based and human-based attackers performing phishing attacks, we demonstrate the performance of four SC-based friend recommendation schemes with three non-SC-based comparable counterparts in terms of the ratio of detecting attackers and the fraction of users in the states of S, E, I, and R. Based on the performance comparison, we analyze the overall trends of their performance in terms of the extent of resistance against phishing attacks by bot or human attackers.

SAFER: Social Capital-based Friend Recommendation to Defend Against Phishing Attacks

The role played by YouTube's recommendation algorithm in unwittingly promoting misinformation and conspiracy theories is not entirely understood. Yet, this can have dire real-world consequences, especially when pseudoscientific content is promoted to users at critical times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we set out to characterize and detect pseudoscientific misinformation on YouTube. We collect 6.6K videos related to COVID-19, the Flat Earth theory, as well as the anti-vaccination and anti-mask movements. Using crowdsourcing, we annotate them as pseudoscience, legitimate science, or irrelevant and train a deep learning classifier to detect pseudoscientific videos with an accuracy of 0.79.

We quantify user exposure to this content on various parts of the platform and how this exposure changes based on the user's watch history. We find that YouTube suggests more pseudoscientific content regarding traditional pseudoscientific topics (e.g., flat earth, anti-vaccination) than for emerging ones (like COVID-19). At the same time, these recommendations are more common on the search results page than on a user's homepage or in the recommendation section when actively watching videos. Finally, we shed light on how a user's watch history substantially affects the type of recommended videos.

"It is just a flu": Assessing the Effect of Watch History on YouTube's Pseudoscientific Video Recommendations

Facebook users interact with algorithms every day. These algorithms can perpetuate harm via incongruent targeted ads, echo chambers, or "rabbit hole" recommendations. Education around the machine learning (ML) behind Facebook (FB) can help users to point out algorithmic bias and harm, and advocate for themselves effectively when things go wrong. One algorithm that FB users interact with regularly is User-Based Collaborative Filtering (UB-CF) which provides the basis for ad recommendation. We contribute a novel research approach for teaching users about a commonly used algorithm in machine learning in real-world context -- an instructive web application using real examples built from the user's own FB data on ad interests. The instruction also prompts users to reflect on their interactions with ML systems, specifically Facebook. In a between-subjects design, we tested both Data Science Novices and Experts on the efficacy of the UB-CF instruction. Taking care to highlight the voices of marginalized users, we use the application as a prompt for surfacing potential harms perpetuated by FB ad recommendations, and qualitatively analyze themes of harm and proposed solutions provided by users themselves. The instruction increased comprehension of UB-CF for both groups, and we show that comprehension is associated with mentioning the mechanisms of the algorithm more in advocacy statements, a crucial component of a successful argument. We provide recommendations for increased algorithmic transparency on social media and for including marginalized voices in the conversation of algorithmic harm that are of interest both to social media researchers and ML educators.

Developing Self-Advocacy Skills Through Machine Learning Education: The Case of Ad Recommendation on Facebook

Link recommender algorithms may affect the exposure that users receive in social networking platforms, changing attention dynamics and potentially strengthening pre-existing inequalities that disproportionately affect certain groups (the so-called algorithmic glass-ceiling effect). In this paper we introduce a model able to simulate the feedback loop created by multiple rounds of interactions between users and a link recommender in a social network, which allows us to study the long-term consequences of link recommenders. Our model is equipped with several parameters that allow: (i) to control the level of homophily of connections, (ii) to set the size of the groups, (iii) to select among several state-of-the-art link recommenders, (iv) to chose among three different stochastic user behavior models for deciding which link recommendations to accept or reject. Our extensive experimentation with the proposed model shows that a minority group, if homophilic enough, can get a disproportionate advantage in exposure from all link recommenders, instead when it is heterophilic it gets underexposed. Moreover, while the homophily level of the minority affects the speed of the growth of disparate exposure, its size affects the magnitude of the effect. Finally, link recommenders strengthen exposure inequalities at the individual level, exacerbating the“rich-get-richer” effect: this happens for both the minority and the majority class and independently of their level of homophily.

Exposure Inequality in People Recommender Systems: The Long-Term Effects

Recommender systems are central to modern online platforms, but a popular concern is that they may be pulling society in dangerous directions (e.g., towards filter bubbles). However, a challenge with measuring the effects of recommender systems is how to compare user outcomes under these systems to outcomes under a credible counterfactual world without such systems. We take a model-based approach to this challenge, introducing a dichotomy of process models that we can compare: (1) a "recommender" model describing a generic item-matching process under a personalized recommender system and (2) an "organic" model describing a baseline counterfactual where users search for items without the mediation of any system. Our key finding is that the recommender and organic models result in dramatically different outcomes at both the individual and societal level, as supported by theorems and simulation experiments with real data. The two process models also induce different trade-offs during inference: regularization improves the mean squared error of matches in both settings, but at the cost of less diverse (less radical) items chosen in the recommender model but more diverse (more radical) items chosen in the organic model. These findings provide a formal framework for how recommender systems may be fundamentally altering how we search for and interact with content, in a world increasingly mediated by such systems.

To Recommend or Not? A Model-Based Comparison of Item-Matching Processes

We present analyses from a real-time information monitoring system of online local news in the U.S. We study relationships among online local news coverage of COVID, cases and deaths in an area, and properties of local news outlets and their audiences. Our analysis relies on a unique dataset of the online content of over 300 local news outlets, encompassing over 750,000 articles over a period of 10 months spanning April 2020 to February 2021. We find that the rate of COVID coverage over time by local news outlets was primarily associated with death rates at the national level, but that this effect dissipated over the course of the pandemic as news about COVID was steadily displaced by sociopolitical events, like the 2020 U.S. elections. We also find that both the volume and content of COVID coverage differed depending on local politics, and outlet audience size, as well as evidence that more vulnerable populations received less pandemic-related news.

Local News Online and COVID in the U.S.: Relationships among Coverage, Cases, Deaths, and Audience

Social media reduces barriers for the formation of large, self-organizing grassroots communities. For political campaigns this poses significant opportunities to address declining party membership, but also reputational risks and potential loss of campaign coherence. While balancing these factors is often done informally, this study implements implement a data-driven method for measuring the alignment between online political communities and their corresponding campaigns. We apply this technique to the 2020 U.S. Democratic presidential primaries, providing novel insights into the important tension between campaigns and third-party actors.

Adopting a behavioural approach, we apply neural embedding techniques, creating a “community embedding”, to evaluate grassroots communities along various cultural, political, and demographic dimensions. Our embedding demonstrates that these communities align with the views of a candidate’s supporters. However, this does not necessarily reflect the campaign’s policy platforms. Finally, we introduce temporal aspects to our community embedding to evaluate the stability of political communities and their interrelations. Our methods provide new insights into how politics on Reddit operates in relation to its offline analogs.

The Contribution of Lyrics and Acoustics to Collaborative Understanding of Mood

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