Netherlands

HCOMP 2020

Is this significant?

Computational creativity is the art, science, philosophy and engineering of computational systems which, by taking on particular responsibilities, exhibit behaviours that unbiased observers would deem to be creative. As a field of research, this area is thriving, with progress in formalising what it means for software to be creative, along with many exciting and valuable applications of creative software in the sciences, the arts, literature, gaming and elsewhere.

The ICCC conference series organized by the Association for Computational Creativity since 2010 is the only scientific conference that focuses on computational creativity alone and also covers all aspects of it.


ICCC'20

The ICCC conference series organized by the Association for Computational Creativity since 2010 is the only scientific conference that focuses on computational creativity alone and also covers all aspects of it.
Computational creativity is the art, science, philosophy and engineering of computational systems which, by taking on particular responsibilities, exhibit behaviors that unbiased observers would deem to be creative. As a field of research, this area is thriving, with progress in formalizing what it means for software to be creative, along with many exciting and valuable applications of creative software in the sciences, the arts, literature, gaming and elsewhere.



keynote

The 8th AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing (HCOMP 2020) will be held October 26–28th virtually at The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision in Hilversum, The Netherlands.

While artificial intelligence (AI) and human-computer interaction (HCI) represent traditional mainstays of the conference, HCOMP believes strongly in fostering and promoting broad, interdisciplinary research. Our field is particularly unique in the diversity of disciplines it draws upon and contributes to, including human-centered qualitative studies and HCI design, social computing, artificial intelligence, economics, computational social science, digital humanities, policy, and ethics. We promote the exchange of advances in human computation and crowdsourcing not only among researchers, but also engineers and practitioners, to encourage dialogue across disciplines and communities of practice.

This year, we especially invite works that will generate new insights into the quality (or qualities) of human-annotated datasets, including elements such as reliability and replicability of human computation and crowdsourcing experiments, novel metrics for aggregation of results, and holistic approaches to deal with bias, fairness and interpretability.

HCOMP believes strongly in fostering and promoting broad, interdisciplinary research. Our field is particularly unique in the diversity of disciplines it draws upon and contributes to, including human-centered qualitative studies and HCI design, social computing, artificial intelligence, economics, computational social science, digital humanities, policy, and ethics. 


Redaction of private information from images is the kind of tedious, yet context-independent, task for which crowdsourcing is especially well suited. Despite tremendous progress, machine learning is not keeping pace with the needs of sensitive applications in which inadvertent disclosure could have real-world consequences. Human workers can detect faces that machines cannot; however, an open call to crowds would entail disclosure. We present IntoFocus, a method for engaging crowd workers to redact faces from images without dis-closing the facial identities of people depicted. The method works iteratively, starting with a heavily filtered form of the image, and gradually reducing the strength of the filter, with a different set of workers reviewing the image at each step. IntoFocus exploits the gap between the filter level at which a face becomes unidentifiable and the level at which it becomes undetectable. To calibrate the algorithm, we performed a perceptual study of detection and identification of faces in images filtered with the median filter. We present the system design, the results of the perception study, and the results of a summative evaluation of the system.

Privacy-Preserving Face Redaction using Crowdsourcing

While most user content posted on social media is benign, other content, such as violent or adult imagery, must be detected and blocked. Unfortunately, such detection is difficult to automate, due to high accuracy requirements, costs of errors, and nuanced rules for acceptable content. Consequently, social media platforms today rely on a vast workforce of human moderators. However, mounting evidence suggests that exposure to disturbing content can cause lasting psychological and emotional damage to some moderators. To mitigate such harm, we investigate a set of blur-based moderation interfaces for reducing exposure to disturbing content
whilst preserving moderator ability to quickly and accurately flag it. We report experiments with Mechanical Turk workers to measure moderator accuracy, speed, and emotional well-being across six alternative designs. Our key findings show interactive blurring designs can reduce emotional impact without sacrificing moderation accuracy, and speed.

Fast, Accurate, and Healthier: Interactive Blurring Helps Moderators Reduce Exposure to Harmful Content

Earlier research has shown the promise of enabling worker interactions in crowdwork to mitigate worker biases and improve the quality of crowdwork. In this study, we focus on one characteristic of the interacting workers that may influence the effectiveness of worker interactions in enhancing crowdwork-the diversity of perspectives that the interacting workers bring together—and we explore whether and how interactions between a set of workers holding different perspectives can help mitigate biases in crowdwork. Through two sets of randomized experiments, we find that whether interactions between workers with different perspectives can help mitigate biases in crowdwork depends on task properties. We also find no conclusive evidence in our experimental settings suggest-ing that interactions among workers with diverse perspectives reduce biases in crowdwork to a larger extent compared to interactions among workers with similar perspectives.

Does Exposure to Diverse Perspectives Mitigate Biases in Crowdwork? An Explorative Study

While most crowd work seeks consistent answers, creative domains often seek more diverse input. The typical crowd mechanisms for controlling quality may stifle creativity, yet removing them altogether could just produce noise. Schemas and metadata provide two mechanisms for embedding existing knowledge into task environments. Schemas are expert-derived patterns designed to structure how people think through a problem. Metadata, on the other hand, illustrate a range of creative input that fits within the structure of a schema. To understand the relative effects of schemas and metadata, we conducted a study where crowd workers are asked to generate creative interpretations for a set of placemaking examples. Crowd workers were guided either by schema plus metadata, schema alone, or neither. We found that showing schema along with crowd-produced metadata helped workers contribute interpretations that are both more on-topic and diverse, compared to using the schema alone or no schema. We discuss the implications on how crowds can creatively build on insights shared by others.

Schema and Metadata Guide the Collective Generation of Relevant and Diverse Work

Firms and research organizations require humans to annotate raw data to make it compatible with machine learning algorithms. These tasks are outsourced to individuals worldwide through crowdsourcing platforms, or infrastructures where labour is exchanged as a commodity. The firms that operate them consider workers as “independent contractors,” paying them low wages and denying them any rights and social protections.
This dissertation studies how this commodification of labour affects “social reproduction,” defined as reproduction of social inequalities. It argues that, despite the individualized and alienated nature of platform labour, workers are embedded in networks of trust, emerging from households, online and local communities, that provide social and economic support in “disembedded” markets unconstrained by institutional regulations. In this view, this dissertation studies the extent to which labour commodification permeates artificial intelligence development and the social experiences of platform workers.
The dissertation studies workers of platforms specialized in data annotation for machine learning, and online surveys and semi-structured interviews with workers located in Latin America. The study aims to highlight the challenges that workers and their communities need to overcome and to provide empirical evidence necessary to improve current ethical principles and public policies on artificial intelligence.

Labour as a Commodity: Social Reproduction in the Development of Artificial Intelligence

Combining decisions made by multiple individuals had
been shown to improve the quality of the final decision
in various tasks. However, simple aggregation rules,
such as the majority vote, often fail. We aim to develop
and asses methods that can successfully identify
the optimal decision in those challenging cases, using
Machine-Learning (ML) techniques, operating on data
augmented by meta-cognitive features. Specifically, we
developed several decision-aggregation methods, using
different classification procedures, and relying on features
extracted from meta-cognitive information. To test
our approach, we collected 2928 responses for different
complex problem-solving tasks, which we used to engineer
features and compose the training data for our ML
models. Initial results demonstrate a highly encouraging
potential for our methods to increase the likelihood
of determining the optimal decision compared to popular
aggregation methods.

Feature-Engineering from Meta-Cognitive Data for Machine-Learning based Decision-Aggregation

Machine learning (ML) based systems are frequently used to assist human decision makers, in scenarios ranging from medical diagnostics, to bail decision-making. To understand and moderate the effects of using ML based decision aids in practice, it is necessary to understand how human decision makers interact with the machine decision aids. In this talk, we focus on two aspects of this human-machine interaction: (i) human perceptions of algorithmic fairness, and (ii) machine-assisted human decision-making.
In our study of algorithmic fairness, we take a descriptive, human-centred approach. Using tools designed to assist judges with making bail decisions as a case study, we study how people reason about the fairness of using certain input features for making bail decisions, and propose ML algorithms that account for these moral considerations.
When exploring the problem of machine-assisted decision-making, we go beyond studying the accuracy and fairness of machine decision aids. We focus on understanding how ML-based decision aids influence the decisions of the human decision makers that they are assisting, and on identifying the factors which determine and moderate the magnitude of this influence.

Accounting for Human Factors in Machine-Assisted Decision-Making

With the increasing prevalence of digitalization, the digital transformation is also reaching the building sector, which opens new opportunities for social and economic develop-ment. Therefore, the smart building concept is expanding from intelligent buildings and energy-efficient buildings, which aims to not only control devices and appliances in-sides, but also integrate virtual power plants and adapt to grid's conditions. This broad definition of the term is intended to illustrate the diversity of the challenges related to the en-ergy transition in buildings. In this thesis, a series of innova-tive approaches are applied to analyze the impacts of smart buildings in the energy system and tries to maximize the ben-efits of smart buildings by means of Natural Language Pro-cessing (NLP) and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) with human computation. Apart from the social trend mining for smart buildings, this thesis focuses on optimizing energy consumption behaviors in smart buildings based on user in-teraction and engaging the public to apply smart building ser-vices. Furthermore, a big data platform is established to inte-grate the impact analysis of above functions with correspond-ing interactive visualization for better reliability and inter-pretability of policymaking.

The Role of Energy Efficient Smart Buildings in the Transformation of the Energy System: a Data Science Analysis from Social and Technical Perspectives

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Privacy-Preserving Face Redaction using Crowdsourcing

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Next from HCOMP 2020

Privacy-Preserving Face Redaction using Crowdsourcing

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Performance

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