United States

The past years have witnessed an increasing interest in the field of quantum materials (QM), not only thanks to their fascinating properties as a macroscopic manifestation of quantum mechanics (high-temperature superconductivity, quantum Hall effect, giant magnetoelectric effect, etc...), but also for the opportunities that these materials can offer towards the next generation of electronic devices. Understanding the physics behind quantum materials is thus a primary goal of condensed matter physics, both from a fundamental point of view as well for gaining control over the QM functional properties.&lt;br/&gt;Among all the experimental observables, excitations in QMs can provide unique information about the key-interactions at play in the system (magnetic interactions, electron-phonon coupling, spin-orbit coupling, topology, multiferroicity, etc...) and the nature of the excitations themselves (magnon, phonon, intra-band electronic excitations, orbiton, exotic modes, etc...). In this talk, I will focus on soft Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS), as an emergent technique for the study of excitations and their momentum dependence. I will present recent results achieved on ferromagnetic thin films to investigate the evolution of the spin dynamics as a function of thickness [1]. Our work reveals an asymmetric evolution of the spin dynamics between the in-plane and out-of-plane directions: while the spin excitations remain invariant along the in-plane direction, in the out-of-plane direction a dampening is observed as a function of thickness. Such result is interpreted as an effect of confinement, enabling the use of the thickness as a “knob” to control the spin excitation energies.

2022 Joint MMM-INTERMAG

Tuning Spin Excitations in Magnetic Films by Confinement

The 15th Joint MMM-INTERMAG Conference (2022 Joint) is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a plenary session, and an evening session, with about 1500 presentations overall. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

The 2022 Joint Conference will offer both in-person and prerecorded on-demand content.

For tickets to the event, please register at the following link: https://magnetism.org/register

Please register for the Joint MMM-Intermag conference to join the event.

This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

The past years have witnessed an increasing interest in the field of quantum materials (QM), not only thanks to their fascinating properties as a macroscopic manifestation of quantum mechanics (high-temperature superconductivity, quantum Hall effect, giant magnetoelectric effect, etc...), but also for the opportunities that these materials can offer towards the next generation of electronic devices. Understanding the physics behind quantum materials is thus a primary goal of condensed matter physics, both from a fundamental point of view as well for gaining control over the QM functional properties. Among all the experimental observables, excitations in QMs can provide unique information about the key-interactions at play in the system (magnetic interactions, electron-phonon coupling, spin-orbit coupling, topology, multiferroicity, etc...) and the nature of the excitations themselves (magnon, phonon, intra-band electronic excitations, orbiton, exotic modes, etc...). In this talk, I will focus on soft Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS), as an emergent technique for the study of excitations and their momentum dependence. I will present recent results achieved on ferromagnetic thin films to investigate the evolution of the spin dynamics as a function of thickness [1]. Our work reveals an asymmetric evolution of the spin dynamics between the in-plane and out-of-plane directions: while the spin excitations remain invariant along the in-plane direction, in the out-of-plane direction a dampening is observed as a function of thickness. Such result is interpreted as an effect of confinement, enabling the use of the thickness as a “knob” to control the spin excitation energies.

symposium

INTRODUCTION Nowadays, given the rapid growth of industry electronification, there is a huge demand for microchips [1,2]. Therefore, the lithography industry has a necessity to improve the wafer positioning systems such that the throughput of the lithography machine is increased. To reduce the mass and to remove the cable slabs of the traditional double stroke wafer positioning system [3,4], a single stage system has been proposed in [5], consisting of two vertically attached stationary coils and a moving magnet array. A 2D schematic of this Dual Layer Planar Motor (DLPM) is shown in Fig. 1. The employed Halbach array does not utilize the entire available space. Furthermore, the magnet-to-magnet force within the array results in an undesired mover bending. This paper presents a framework to evaluate different novel magnet array architectures for the DLPM. Different configurations are analysed such that the secondary magnetization patterns of the Halbach array fully utilize the available space. Furthermore, an optimization is performed to enhance the thrust and levitation forces, while curtailing the magnet array bending. METHOD The presented tool is semi-analytical: the magnet flux densities are obtained analytically based on the Magnetic Charge Modeling method and the coil bed flux densities through the evaluation of the Biot-Savart’s law for a current carrying volume. The electromagnetic forces are derived numerically utilizing the Maxwell Stress Tensor. CONCLUSION The proposed analytical modeling method presents a framework for fast and accurate optimization of the DLPM. The model has been verified with Finite Element Modeling (FEM). Moreover, the approach improves the computation time compared to FEM in a maximum of a factor of 20. The optimization achieves a higher levitation force to weight ratio, even with the added magnet mass, according to Fig. 2. This releases stress from the power supply design as a lower heat dissipation requirement suffices. In the full paper the modeling approach will be elaborated on and the optimization for the thrust force is going to be addressed.

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![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2ea16e4c5bf4023d50093487fe9a46f2.jpg)

Efficient Modeling Framework for the Synthesis of a Novel Magnet Array for Planar Motors

Efficient Modeling Framework for the Synthesis of a Novel Magnet Array for Planar Motors

Magnetic gears (MGs) have emerged in the last 20 years with promising torque densities [1]-[5]. Some of their potential advantages are reduced maintenance and improved reliability. Axial field MGs offer multiple possible advantages over radial field configurations [6]. However, modeling axial field structures requires a 3D geometrical model to properly represent its performance. The purpose of this work is to present a 3D permeance network modeling technique for axial field flux focusing magnetic gears. Permeance network (PN) is a very well-known modeling technique. It’s based on the concept of flux tubes where the geometry is divided into blocks with a central node, and then the network equations are generated using Gauss’s law, which states that the sum of all fluxes into a node must be zero [7][8]. The unknowns to be solved then are magnetic scalar potential values at every node. The nodes are connected through a lumped component which can be permeance or a source. Figure 1 shows the MG structure to be modeled with the elementary permeance block. It consists of three parts, a high-speed rotor (HSR), a low-speed rotor (LSR), and a stationary part. The versatility of the model will be demonstrated by changing multiple variables and calculating different quantities. Figure 2 compares the magnetic induction components calculated using the 3D PN model and a mean radius 2D finite element method model (FEM). The calculated components are at the LSR air gap side. The permanent magnets and the ferromagnetic materials were considered in their linear case with µrf = 10000, µrpm = 1, and Br = 1.25T. The differences between the 2D model and the proposed 3D model are visible, where we can see a difference in the amplitudes and shapes which demonstrates the importance of the radial component in the axial field structures. The full work will demonstrate more the potential of the proposed model by performing linear and non-linear calculations and showing how this model can be very suitable for early design stages.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/7fc302ac3e86324c301eb2a6485110d5.jpg)

Fig.1 Flux focusing axial field magnetic gear with p1=6, n2=24, and p3=18 pole-pairs.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/742a5eb474df0b9d992e46d479febd24.jpg)

Fig.2 Axial and radial magnetic induction components calculated using the 3D PN and a 2D FEM model at the LSR airgap side

3D Permeance Network Modeling for an Axial Field Flux Focusing Magnetic Gear

Minimizing the mass in electric machines while maintaining superior performance has become a new requirement for the advancement of drive trains used in wind energy and electric mobility. Topology Optimization (TO) for light-weighting electric machines using traditional approaches typically explore a restricted design space allowed by standard parameterizable geometry and manufacturing, while advanced methods like cell-based density approaches[1] suffer from a lack of robust manufacturability constraints during the optimization process. To overcome these drawbacks and identify best designs in terms of material reduction, we explore a grid-independent, boundary TO [2] where the outer boundary shape of the magnet is parameterized using Bezier curves. This approach will allow us to explore a large design space of free-form magnet shapes using fewer variables compared to cell-based TO methods while ensuring smooth boundaries for additive manufacturing. We conduct a design of experiments (DOE) to study the effect of different magnet shapes on machine performance by varying the control points on the Bezier curves. Each resulting topology in the DOE is imported into a parametric 2-dimensional CAD environment to build solid models with magnets distributed in the region bounded by the curves and analyzed using magnetostatic finite element analysis (FEA). A machine-learning based surrogate model is constructed using the data from the DOE to quantify the relationship between the control points, air-gap torque and mass. The control points are then optimized to maximize the torque density. The final paper will demonstrate this approach for minimizing the electrical steel mass in the IEA-15MW radial flux direct-drive wind turbine generator [4]. Free-from boundary TO resulted in a smooth shape with up to 20 ton reduction in electrical steel mass.

A boundary topology optimization approach for lightweighting electric machines inspired by additive manufacturing

Isotropic bonded NdFeB magnets are used extensively in various automotive, office automation and home appliance motors. Due to their superior magnetic properties over ferrite magnet, better motor efficiency and increased power density can be achieved. The magnetizing fixture winding configuration is critical in achieving the desired magnet flux profile1 and motor performance2. In this paper the effect of various fixture winding configurations on resultant magnet flux profile and motor performance is presented for a 4-pole automotive accessory motor. Magnetizing fixtures are designed using different sizes of round conductors to achieve 3T magnetizing field on the magnet. It is observed that when the number of turns is kept the same, 29% reduction in conductor diameter made magnetization profile more radial. When this magnetized magnet is used in a motor, peak to peak cogging torque increased by 20%. Using two-dimensional (2D) finite element analysis (FEA), magnetization fixtures are designed for six different winding configurations. Figure 1 shows four of the winding configurations evaluated using 2D FEA, to arrive at magnetized magnet profile and corresponding motor performance. Table I summarizes the flux integral of magnetized magnet profile and corresponding motor performance. From this table it is observed that for a 4-pole magnet, the ‘1-column’ conductor arrangement where-in the conductors are arranged along the radial direction in slot resulted in radial flux profile and highest flux integral per pole, resulting in higher back-emf and cogging torque. On the other side the flux integral per pole is minimum and flux profile becomes more sinusoidal for ‘1 row’ arrangement in which the conductors are arranged along a concentric arc from fixture core surface. This arrangement results in wider transition zone, and in lowest back-emf and cogging torque. All the designed magnetization fixtures were built, and performance of motors with magnetized magnets is evaluated. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/c0f124c58c77a78597be17e9042810b0.jpg)

Fig.1. Various conductor arrangements (a) 1 column (b) 2 column (c) 1 row (d) Delta


![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/69382f57730e441285b7d4c469a7460d.jpg)

Table I Effect of conductor configuration on magnet flux and motor performance

Influence of magnetization fixture winding parameters on airgap flux profile and performance of isotropic bonded NdFeB motor

The flux leakages at axial end and radial inner side on the flux-concentrating rotor are more likely to generate, as shown in Fig.1, and therefore reduces the motor performance and degrades the utilization efficiency of PMs [1]-[3]. According to Table I, the modeling of the machines are carried out. Fig. 2 is the 2-D model. Fig. 3 shows the leakage flux by 3-D spoke type model. In Fig. 4, the air gap flux density, back electromotive forces (EMFs) and torque from the 2-D and 3-D analyses indicate a difference of approximately 10.33%, 5.88 % and 9.45%, respectively. Fig. 5 shows the rotor prototype and the test platform. The errors are 9.78% and 5.21% compared with the experiment respectively which indicates that the 3-D model is closer to the actual result than the 2-D model because the 3-D model takes leakage flux into account. The motor with novel rotors are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 which consumes the same weight of PMs with spoke-type model. The principle of reduction axial end leakage flux in Model 1 is shown in Fig. 6 (b). The details on the rotor of Model 2 is shown in Fig. 7 (b). The model in Fig. 6 is called Model 1. The model in Fig.7 is Model 2. Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 compare the rotor-end and rotor-interior leakage flux of two new structures and spoke-type motor under no-load. In the spoke type model the leakage flux is large, up to 0.9 T and 1.0 T. But it is only 0.38 T and 0.29 T in Model 1 and Model 2. The electromagnetic characteristics are compared in Fig. 10. Model 2 can further improve the air-gap flux density, back-EMF and torque, up to 1.499 T, 512.4 V and 68.7 Nm. In this paper, a novel rotor with hybrid radial and axial flux concentration considering leakage flux is designed. The 3-D models of concentrated winding PM motors with different rotors are built to analyze the leakage flux and electromagnetic performance. A 12-slot 10-pole motor with spoke type PM rotor is manufactured and experimented to verfy the significance of 3-D FEA takeing into account flux leakages. The 3-D FEA results of novel flux-concentrating PM rotors shows the axial leakage flux and rotor-interior leakage flux are decreased by 58.1% and 61.7%. The electromagnetic torque can be improved by 5.48% with phase current of 30 A.

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![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/630d41826d47b1eabe8f216c0ae4e275.jpg)

A Novel Spoke-type PM Rotor with Hybrid Radial and Axial Flux Concentration for Reduction of Interpolar Leakage Flux

It is necessary to accurately estimate iron loss including magnetic hysteresis behavior to develop high-efficiency electric machines. In a previous paper, a novel magnetic circuit model incorporating the play model [1] and Cauer circuit theory [2] was proposed. The play model is one of phenomenological models of the dc hysteresis characteristic. The Cauer circuit theory can simply express the skin effect by formulating the frequency characteristic of the complex permeability. Its calculation accuracy was proved by comparing the measured and calculated results of hysteresis loops and iron loss under PWM excitation by using simple-shaped ring cores. This paper presents that the above model is extended a reluctance network analysis (RNA) model to analyze devices with more complicated shapes such as motors. The proposed method is experimentally validated by using an IPM motor, which is generally driven by a PWM converter, as an object of discussion. Fig. 1(a) and (b) show the proposed RNA model of the IPM motor. In the stator core, each reluctance expresses the dc hysteresis characteristic and classical and anomalous eddy current losses. The dc hysteresis characteristic is represented by the play model, the classical eddy current loss is represented by the Cauer circuit theory, and the anomalous eddy current loss is represented by a simple controlled source element, respectively. On the other hand, each reluctance in an air gap and a rotor is determined by dimensions of each element and permeability of the materials, and each MMF generated from winding currents and permanent magnets is concentrated as a form of controlled source. Fig. 2(a) - (c) show the measured and calculated characteristics of torque, iron loss, and efficiency, respectively. Here, the theoretically infinite number of stages of the ladder circuit part which denotes classical eddy current loss is truncated at 3rd stage for practical use. From these figures, it is understood that both results are in good agreement. Besides, as shown in Fig. 2(d), the proposed method can draw the local hysteresis loop in a certain divided element, which is generally difficult to measure and calculate, though its calculation accuracy should be experimentally verified.

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Iron Loss Calculation Method of Interior Permanent Magnet Motor Taking Carrier Harmonics into Account Based on Reluctance Network Analysis Representing Dynamic Hysteresis Characteristics

I Introduction Reactors have been widely used to ensure the stability of the power system by limiting short-circuit current, suppressing harmonic and compensating reactive power. There are some methods realize the vibration reduction of the reactor from the angle of the material filled at the air gap[1-2]. However, in order to improve this serious noise problem of the reactor, it is necessary to study the vibration reduction from the source of reactor vibration. Therefore, an optimization method based on topology optimization and GA(genetic algorithm) is proposed in this paper to reduce the segmented core reactor's vibration. II Topology Optimization of the Reactor This paper adopts the method of active vibration reduction and proposes a global topology optimization algorithm to get a novel design of the reactor. First, the electromagnetic-mechanical coupling model of the reactor is established to analyze the vibration and deformation of the reactor, which are shown in Fig1.(a-c). Second, the optimization problem is defined to obtain optimal configuration that minimum the vibration displacement of the reactor under a minimum bound of the total volume. Then, by introducing a SIMP(Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) function into the definition of the permeability of the reactor's air gap part materials, the distribution of ferromagnetic material is represented. Meanwhile, the inductance value of the reactor can be kept stable in the optimization process through the joint GA. Finally, a novel reactor structure is obtained as shown in Fig2.(a) and the finite element numerical method is used to calculate the optimized parameter values before and after the optimization to verify the excellence of the design. III Conclusion The calculation result at sampling point A is shown in the Fig.2(b). It can be seen that the vibration displacement after optimization is reduced by about 15%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method in this paper.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/11bed137395190e0772f919055bce856.jpg)

Fig.1. (a) Schematic diagram of the reactor,(b) Magnetic flux density modulus distribution nephogram,(c) Displacement distribution nephogram.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/834fe5bd196aaa212c5cc13e1ff70c28.jpg)

Fig.2. (a) Value distribution of control variable p,(b) Comparison of vibration displacement at sampling point a.

Reactor Vibration Reduction Using Global Topology Optimization Algorithms

Background and problem considered Eddy Current Testing (ECT) is one of the Non-Destructive Techniques and is widely used in manufacturing processes of long metal parts for surface inspection of metals. However, ECT creates a bottleneck preventing the speeding up of processes because the vibration of the inspection sample caused by the high speed of the manufacturing processes has a negative impact on ECT [1]. In previous studies, signals caused by vibration are removed from the detection signal by signal processing [2]-[4]. However, these processes are limited in their inspection speed by the speed of the digital signal processors performing the signal processing. We have proposed a new ECT probe that is more effective in suppressing the vibration component in the detection signal than that of the conventional self-induction probe does not require signal processing such as the multi-frequency method [5]. In this paper, the principle and effect of our proposed probe that can suppress vibration signals in detection signals are discussed. The Principle and Vibration Signal Suppression Effect in Dynamic Environment A photo of a used experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. A brass rod that has two cracks was used as the test specimen. A vibration generator, consisting of a pulley and motor, can apply vibration to the test specimen. The proposed probe is an encircling probe with four coils and three induction modes, the self, mutual and dual induction modes. This probe is characterized by the fact that the vibration signals detected in the self and mutual induction modes cancel each other out, as in noise-canceling headphones when the dual induction mode is used. Fig. 2 shows measured results of the self and dual induction modes when vibration was applied to the brass rod. The amplitude of the dual induction mode was lower than the amplitude of the self induction mode. However, crack signals were not suppressed. The detail of the principle, the experimental method and comparison between the proposed method and the multi frequency method will be presented in our presentation.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/fc796e26a65458a6407b5fb627e4e763.jpg)

Fig. 1. The experimental setup.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9fd0f25e30c8f398cb05cd462ad3f6e1.jpg)

Fig. 2. Measured results in dynamic environment.

Vibration Signal Suppression Effect of Dual Induction Eddy Current Probe in Dynamic Environment

In the last years, a new field has emerged at the intersection between Condensed Matter and Quantum Optics, denominated “Quantum Magnonics”. This field strives to control the elementary excitations of magnetic materials, denominated magnons, to the level of the single quanta, and to interface them coherently to other elementary excitations such as photons or phonons. The recent developments in this field, with proof of concept experiments such as a single-magnon detector, have opened the door for hybrid quantum systems based on magnetic materials. This can allow us to explore magnetism in new ways and regimes, has the potential of unraveling quantum phenomena at unprecedented scales, and could lead to breakthroughs for quantum technologies. A predominant role in these developments is played by cavity magnonic systems, where an electromagnetic cavity, either in the optical or microwave regime, is used to enhance and control the interaction between photons and magnons. This Tutorial Session will cover the basic concepts behind Quantum Magnonics, as well as the most recent developments in the field.

Cavity Magnonics

Hybrid magnonic systems incorporating superconducting systems have recently emerged as a new promising direction for coherent information processing by exploiting magnon excitations and high quality factor superconducting resonators [1]. Magnons are fundamental excitations of magnetic systems with a frequency band which can be adapted in microwave superconducting quantum circuits. In particular, magnons possess large dipolar magnon-photon coupling and wide frequency tunability, which may find new potentials in quantum information. Superconducting resonators serve as coherent data buses of many quantum circuits with long microwave coherence time. Superconducting-circuit-based cavity magnonics may provide a convenient circuit platform that bridges magnonics and quantum information. In this tutorial, we will discuss recent progresses of cavity magnonics built on superconducting circuits. We will start from the original idea of coupling spin ensembles with superconducting resonators, and how magnetic spins are involved to replace spin ensembles. Then we will examine different magnetic materials and superconducting resonator designs for building superconducting cavity magnonics. Last, we will discuss future opportunities and challenges in scaling up such hybrid magnonic systems on superconducting circuits, with an emphasis on maintaining coherence time of magnons and photons, as well as utilizing superconducting properties such as vortices for empowering magnonics.

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